Inspired by Parth Lohomi

Calculus Level 3

Find the smallest real root of the polynomial 45 x 4 + 4 x 2781 45x^{4}+4x-2781 .


The answer is -2.8.

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2 solutions

Divide both sides by 45 45 :

x 4 + 4 45 x 309 5 = 0 x^4+\dfrac{4}{45}x-\dfrac{309}{5}=0

Now, try to factor that into the form ( x 2 + p x + q ) ( x 2 p x + r ) = 0 (x^2+px+q)(x^2-px+r)=0 . Expand and compare the coefficients:

q + r = p 2 . . . ( 1 ) r q = 4 45 p . . . ( 2 ) q r = 309 5 . . . ( 3 ) \quad \begin{aligned} q+r=p^2 &\quad ...(1) \\ r-q=\dfrac{4}{45p} &\quad ...(2) \\ qr=-\dfrac{309}{5} &\quad ...(3) \end{aligned}

From ( 1 ) (1) and ( 2 ) (2) solve for p p and q q :

q = p 2 4 45 p 2 q=\dfrac{p^2-\dfrac{4}{45p}}{2} , r = p 2 + 4 45 p 2 r=\dfrac{p^2+\dfrac{4}{45p}}{2}

Substitute in ( 3 ) (3) , expand, clear denominators and simplify:

p 6 + 1236 5 p 2 16 2025 = 0 p^6+\dfrac{1236}{5}p^2-\dfrac{16}{2025}=0

Now, compare that equation with the identity ( u + v ) 3 3 u v ( u + v ) ( u 3 + v 3 ) = 0 (u+v)^3-3uv(u+v)-(u^3+v^3)=0 . Another system will be formed:

p 2 = u + v . . . ( 4 ) 3 u v = 1236 5 . . . ( 5 ) u 3 + v 3 = 16 2025 . . . ( 6 ) \quad \begin{aligned} p^2=u+v &\quad ...(4) \\3uv=-\dfrac{1236}{5} &\quad ...(5) \\ u^3+v^3=\dfrac{16}{2025} &\quad ...(6) \end{aligned}

Divide ( 5 ) (5) by 3 3 and cube both sides:

u 3 v 3 = 69934528 125 u^3v^3=-\dfrac{69934528}{125}

Now, make an equation in z z with roots u u and v v :

( z u 3 ) ( z v 3 ) = 0 z 2 ( u 3 + v 3 ) z + u 3 v 3 = 0 (z-u^3)(z-v^3)=0 \Longrightarrow z^2-(u^3+v^3)z+u^3v^3=0

z 2 16 2025 z 69934528 125 = 0 z^2-\dfrac{16}{2025}z-\dfrac{69934528}{125}=0

Solve it using the quadratic formula:

z = 8 ± 16 8961727309 2025 z=\dfrac{8 \pm 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}

So:

u = 8 + 16 8961727309 2025 3 u=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{8 + 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}}

v = 8 16 8961727309 2025 3 v=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{8 - 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}}

p 2 = u + v = 8 + 16 8961727309 2025 3 + 8 16 8961727309 2025 3 p^2=u+v=\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{8 + 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}}+\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{8 - 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}}

From here, let's work only with approximations:

p = 8 + 16 8961727309 2025 3 + 8 16 8961727309 2025 3 p=\sqrt{\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{8 + 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}}+\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{8 - 16\sqrt{8961727309}}{2025}}}

p 0.005653576127 p \approx 0.005653576127

Obtain q q and r r :

q 7.86128162 q \approx -7.86128162 , r 7.861313583 r \approx 7.861313583

So, our original equation factors as:

( x 2 + 0.005653576127 x 7.86128162 ) ( x 2 0.005653576127 + 7.861313583 ) = 0 (x^2+0.005653576127x-7.86128162)(x^2-0.005653576127+7.861313583)=0

By solving each factor with the quadratic formula we get:

x 1 2.800972351 x_1 \approx 2.800972351

x 2 2.806625927 x_2 \approx -2.806625927

x 3 , 4 0.002826788063 ± 2.803801789 i x_{3,4} \approx 0.002826788063 \pm 2.803801789i

The smallest one is x 2 = 2.806625927 x_2=\boxed{-2.806625927} .

You are great!!

Jai Gupta - 6 years, 5 months ago

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We usually ought to mention an equation rather than just an expression or function for roots instead of factors.

Lu Chee Ket - 5 years, 6 months ago

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No. Both are acceptable.

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 6 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh I checked from a website. You are right. Good to be treated like this though.

Lu Chee Ket - 5 years, 6 months ago

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex conjugate root_theorem

The website above indicates that there is no need to stand for equation only but root of a polynomial is well acceptable. Sorry for my mistake.

Lu Chee Ket - 5 years, 6 months ago

Nice Solution I used Graphing calculator to find the minimum but this gave a different variety to solve a problem and how do you think of such awesome methods to solve a question!

Department 8 - 5 years, 6 months ago

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Like Cardano's method. This is a standard way to determine the exact roots of a quartic equation. Unfortunately, there' no standard formulas for polynomials of degrees above 4.

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 6 months ago

± 2.803801789 i \pm 2.803801789i should be ± 2.803801989 i \pm 2.803801989i .

Lu Chee Ket - 5 years, 6 months ago

With a graphing calculator TI-83 PLUS and window, Xmin=-3, Xmax=- 2.75::::: Ymin=-20, Ymax=20.
2nd TRACE (CALC),2 (ZERO) enter. Adjest the cursor so Y is as near 0 as possible.
For Y=.2039, we get x= 2.806677 \boxed{ -2.806677 }

Just a graph plotter can solve this. But the art of solving is important which I did not show.:)

Shyambhu Mukherjee - 5 years, 6 months ago

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