n = 0 ∑ ∞ 2 n ( n + 4 1 ) 1
If the summation above equals to 2 x ( tan − 1 ( y ) + tanh − 1 ( z ) ) , find the value of y × z 2 × x .
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Well, this uses two of the important taylor series.
∑ n = 0 ∞ 2 n + 1 x 2 n + 1 = a r c t a n h ( x )
The above can be derived easily by adding other 2 series -
∑ n = 0 ∞ n x n = − l n ( 1 − x )
∑ n = 0 ∞ n ( − 1 ) n x n = l n ( 1 + x )
And we know that l n ( 1 + x ) − l n ( 1 − x ) = 2 a r c t a n h ( x ) [If anyone wants its derivation , you can ask in the comment section below]
The second sum will be- ∑ n = 0 ∞ 2 n + 1 − 1 n x 2 n + 1 = a r c t a n ( x ) [This is taylor series of arctangent]
Adding the 1st and 2nd sums, we get -
2 ∑ n = 0 ∞ 4 n + 1 x 4 n + 1 = a r c t a n ( x ) + a r c t a n h ( x )
Substituting x = y 4 1 ,
2 ∑ n = 0 ∞ 4 n + 1 y n y 4 1 = a r c t a n ( y 4 1 ) + a r c t a n h ( y 4 1 )
2 y 4 1 ∑ n = 0 ∞ 4 n + 1 y n = a r c t a n ( y 4 1 ) + a r c t a n h ( y 4 1 )
2 1 y 4 1 ∑ n = 0 ∞ n + 4 1 y n = a r c t a n ( y 4 1 ) + a r c t a n h ( y 4 1 )
∑ n = 0 ∞ n + 4 1 y n = y 4 1 2 ( a r c t a n ( y 4 1 ) + a r c t a n h ( y 4 1 ) )
Now substituting y = 2 1 completes our job.
= 2 4 5 ( a r c t a n ( 2 1 ) + a r c t a n h ( 2 1 ) )
And hence, the answer becomes -
2 1 × 2 1 2 × 4 5 = 5
Nice problem, Kartik. At first I thought I was supposed to be looking for integers x , y , z , but once I realized they could be any reals then I was able to solve it in the same manner that you did. :)
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Are there any more methods? Wolfram Alpha gives the answer in terms of some function(I don't remember that name).
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Yeah, I saw the WolframAlpha answer; it used a function I'd never heard of before. :) As for other methods, there is probably an approach using integration, (like Pratik used in the comments to my related question), but I think that in this case it might involve some complex analysis. I'll try and take a more thorough look later.
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@Brian Charlesworth – @brian charlesworth Ok sir, thanks for showing your interest. It would be a great help for me if you help me in this too.
that was a hypergeomtric function
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@Ciara Sean – Yes, I can understand now what it is. Back when I posted this problem, I didn't have enough knowledge.
Hi Kartik Sharma , I didn't like the fact that this question wasn't of Level 4 or 5, why did you do so ?
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Well, yep, I agree that it was a huge mistake on my part. I forgot to do it actually and then what all I could do is repent.
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n = 0 ∑ ∞ x n = 1 − x 1
n = 0 ∑ ∞ x n − 4 3 = 1 − x x − 4 3
∫ n = 0 ∑ ∞ x n − 4 3 d x = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ∫ x n − 4 3 d x = ∫ 1 − x x − 4 3 d x
n = 0 ∑ ∞ n + 4 1 1 x n + 4 1 = ∫ 1 − x x − 4 3 d x
n = 0 ∑ ∞ n + 4 1 1 x n = x − 4 1 ∫ 1 − x x − 4 3 d x x = t 4
n = 0 ∑ ∞ n + 4 1 1 x n = 4 x − 4 1 ∫ 1 − t 4 1 d t
n = 0 ∑ ∞ n + 4 1 1 x n = 4 x − 4 1 [ 2 1 ( tan − 1 t + tanh − 1 t ) ]
n = 0 ∑ ∞ n + 4 1 1 x n = 4 x − 4 1 [ 2 1 ( tan − 1 x 4 1 + tanh − 1 x 4 1 ) ] x = 2 1
n = 0 ∑ ∞ 2 n ( n + 4 1 ) 1 = 2 4 5 [ tan − 1 2 1 + tanh − 1 2 1 ]