Integer Parities

If a , {\color{#3D99F6}{a}}, b , {\color{#20A900}{b}}, and c {\color{#D61F06}{c}} are integers, is it possible that a + b , {\color{#3D99F6}{a}}+{\color{#20A900}{b}}, a + c , {\color{#3D99F6}{a}}+{\color{#D61F06}{c}}, and b + c {\color{#20A900}{b}}+{\color{#D61F06}{c}} are all odd numbers ?


Note: It is possible for all three sums to be even!

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19 solutions

Michael Huang
Jul 23, 2017

Let's prove that by contradiction.

Suppose that we can express a + b {\color{#3D99F6}a} + {\color{#20A900}b} , a + c {\color{#3D99F6}a} + {\color{#D61F06}c} and b + c {\color{#20A900}b} + {\color{#D61F06}c} as integers. That is, for some integers k 1 k_1 , k 2 k_2 and k 3 k_3 , a + b = 2 k 1 + 1 a + c = 2 k 2 + 1 b + c = 2 k 3 + 1 \begin{array}{rl} {\color{#3D99F6}a} + {\color{#20A900}b} &= 2k_1 + 1\\ {\color{#3D99F6}a} + {\color{#D61F06}c} &= 2k_2 + 1\\ {\color{#20A900}b} + {\color{#D61F06}c} &= 2k_3 + 1 \end{array} Adding these expressions altogether, we have 2 ( a + b + c ) = 2 ( k 1 + k 2 + k 3 ) + 3 2\left({\color{#3D99F6}a} + {\color{#20A900}b} + {\color{#D61F06}c}\right) = 2\left(k_1 + k_2 + k_3\right) + 3 Since L H S LHS (left-hand side) is even for any choice of integers a {\color{#3D99F6}a} , b {\color{#20A900}b} and c {\color{#D61F06}c} , whereas R H S RHS (right-hand side) is odd, all 3 sums can’t be odd \boxed{\text{all 3 sums can't be odd}} .

Moderator note:

You can now take what you've learned here to help solve this Intermediate problem of the week .

that's exactly how I did it :)

A Former Brilliant Member - 3 years, 10 months ago

Why did you add one?

Doaa Al Yamani - 3 years, 10 months ago

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odd numbers are always in the form of (2k + 1) for some integer k.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

@Michael Huang Just want to ask, aren't they called equations, not expressions? :/

Wenjin C. - 3 years, 10 months ago

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Yup, they are called equations.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

It never states that they cannot be equal. Is that inherent?

Ryan Hedderly - 3 years, 10 months ago

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It doesn't matter whether these numbers equal or not. All we care is whether can we find 3 numbers a+b,a+c,b+c such that they are all odd numbers.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

Supposing we randomly take the integers in this case to be 1.5,3.5,7.5 : 1.5+3.5=5 1.5+7.5=9 3.5+7.5=11 What went wrong in this case or have I assumed anything wrong?

Bhavya Choudhary - 3 years, 10 months ago

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1.5, 3.5 and 7.5 are not integers .

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago
Munem Shahriar
Jul 24, 2017

Given that,

  • a , a , b , b, and c c are integers.

  • It is possible for all three sums to be even.

We can get ''even'' by E v e n + Even + E v e n Even + + E v e n = Even = E v e n Even so if ( a + b ) + ( a + c ) + ( b + c ) (a + b ) + (a + c) + (b + c) are even then there sum cannot be odd.

If ( a + b ) , ( a + c ) , ( b + c ) (a + b ), (a + c), (b + c) are all odd numbers then there sum should be also odd, let's check it.

( a + b ) + ( a + c ) + ( b + c ) = 2 a + 2 b + 2 c (a + b ) + (a + c) + (b + c) = 2a + 2b + 2c

( a + b ) + ( a + c ) + ( b + c ) = 2 ( a + b + c ) (a + b ) + (a + c) + (b + c) = 2(a + b + c)

We can see that 2 ( a + b + c ) 2(a + b + c) is even therefore, i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e . \large\color{#3D99F6} \boxed{it~ is ~ not ~ possible}.

That is my solution! Hey! :|

Michael Huang - 3 years, 10 months ago

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To avoid similarity, I have changed my explanation.

Munem Shahriar - 3 years, 10 months ago

a+b, a+c, b+c where do you get the idea the are within the same expression. A, B, C DOESN'T mena A+B+C they are separate. Therefore 1+3 , 1+5, and 3+5 would be 4, 6, 8 so the question is correct.

Bob Teets - 3 years, 10 months ago
Venkatachalam J
Jul 23, 2017

Given that a, b, c are three integers and asked to check a+b , a+c, b+c all are odd numbers.

Sum of two integers is odd, if and only if one number must be odd and another must be even.

It is not possible to have three odd and three even numbers since we will get the result as even numbers.

If we have two odd and one even number, let say a=even, b=odd, c=odd then b+c is even.

So it is not possible that a+b , a+c, b+c all are odd numbers.

if (a+b) is an odd number and (a+c) is an odd number, then (a+b)-(a+c) must be an even number. (The subtraction of two odd numbers must be even). So b-c must be even. And then [(b-c) + 2c] must be even. So (b+c) is even!

David Fairer - 3 years, 10 months ago

What about if b is 0?

Renah Razzaq - 3 years, 10 months ago

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Discard that

Renah Razzaq - 3 years, 10 months ago

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Or a=0. Zero is an integer.

Louis Hansell - 3 years, 10 months ago
Saswata Naha
Jul 23, 2017

It can be solved using contradiction

At first taking that (a+b), (b+c), (c+a) all are odd.

Now it is obvious that, odd+odd+odd=odd

Again (a+b)+(b+c)+(c+a)=(a+b+c)×2 which is even.

But it is found in previous case that the sum should be odd.

Therefore, contradiction!

So it is not possible.

This seems like the most natural way to solve this problem to me.

Snehal Shekatkar - 3 years, 10 months ago
Steven Yuan
Jul 23, 2017

Notice that an even number plus an even number is even, and an odd number plus an odd number is also even. A positive integer can only either be odd or even. (For negative integers, "even" means congruent to 0 modulo 2, "odd" means congruent to 1 modulo 2.) Since we have 3 integers, we see that at least two of them have to be the same parity by the Pigeonhole Principle, and their sum is guaranteed to be even. Thus, the pairwise sum of the three integers cannot be all odd. \blacksquare

Easy. An odd number being (always) an even number + an odd number, you can't have all three sums odd. Proof, by possible settings:

all even numbers - obvious. not working.

one odd number - the two other numbers are even, generating an even sum.

two odd numbers - the two odd numbers added will give an even number.

all odd numbers - see previous setting.

Voila

Graeme Jones
Jul 27, 2017

If (a+b) is odd and (a+c) is odd then b and c are either both odd (if a is even) or both even (if a is odd). In either case, (b+c) will be even.

Matthew Hughes
Jul 26, 2017

First, let's just assume that all three of those quantities are odd. Since we assume they are all odd, we can add two of those numbers together and we will get an even number (odd + odd = even).

So, ( a + b ) + ( a + c ) (a+b) + (a+c) must be even, but by simply rearranging the terms we see that the expression is equivalent to ( a + a ) + ( b + c ) (a+a) + (b+c) .

We can easily show a + a a+a must be even, but we also know that b + c b+c is odd by our assumption....but an even plus an odd is odd. So, by rearranging the terms we get a different result; this is a contradiction . Then it must be true that all three of those quantities cannot be odd so the answer is no .

Right, prove by contradiction is another valid approach. Thanks.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

Your solution reminds me of logic gates . Using your idea, is it still reasonable to solve this question if we're given more variables, like say 10?

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

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Yes , it's an idea able to be applied in cases like this , with only a few variables ... I just like to transform math problems into algorithms ;) So if there were more variables , I would just not write my solution here ... but I would do the same since my algorithm is correct and my computer has i7 hahaha :)

Ανδρέας Καρατζάς - 3 years, 10 months ago
Antik Paul
Jul 26, 2017

By the Dirichlet's box principle, at least 2 of the numbers must have same parity. And adding those two numbers will always give an even number.Hence contradiction!!! So all 3 sums can't be odd.

Nice work. Pigeonhole principle works here too

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago
James Mirocha
Jul 25, 2017

Let's solve by exhaustion. If all 3 of a, b, c are even then a + b, a +c, and b + c are even. If 2 are even: let's say a and b are even and c is odd (without loss of generality). Then a + b is even. If only 1 is even: let's say that a is even and b and c are odd (without loss of generality). Then b + c is even. If all 3 of a, b, c are odd, then a + b, a + c, and b + c are even. So it is not possible that all 3 of a + b, a + c, and b + c are odd.

Mike Nicholson
Jul 25, 2017

Maybe less mathematical: If a is odd, both b and c must be even to yield odd sums. If a is even, both b and c must be odd to yield odd sums. Then b + c must be the sum of two odd or two even numbers; in either case, it is even.

This works, I don't see how it's less mathematical. As long as it gets the work done.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago
Mohammad Khaza
Jul 25, 2017

there can be three possibilities:

possibility-1.............all the numbers are even.so the answer will always be even..............[even+even=always even]

possibility-2.............all the three number are odd.suppose, they are 1, 3 & 7.

                 so, 1+3=4,  3+7=10. ,  7+1=8...............................[every time they are even]

possibility-3..............among 3 there are even and odd integers.suppose, they are 1,2 & 3

           so, 1+2=3[odd],  2+3=5[odd],   1+3=4[even]

so, it is not possible for all of the sum to be odd

This is a good attempt, but you need to prove that it can never be true for any 3 triplets of integers you chose.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

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i think............[suppose, odd+odd=always even ,whatever i try it will be the same.]

so, i took the easiest numbers, i think the result will be the same for any 3 triplets.

Mohammad Khaza - 3 years, 10 months ago

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You haven't proven that it works for ANY triplets, but you have only shown that it works for 1 triplet. That's why your solution is incomplete.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh he he. i think that's why i didn't get much up votes.next time i will try to post complete solutions.

Mohammad Khaza - 3 years, 10 months ago

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@Mohammad Khaza No worries. This is a good try. You started with "I tried for one triplet, and it doesn't work", and you should finish it with "How do I prove that no triplet would work?"

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

that is nicely explained.

Halima Tahmina - 3 years, 10 months ago
Puneet Kumar
Jul 29, 2017

Take a=c=1 and b=2 which satisfy the above condition.

What is "above condition"? I'm asking whether these 3 numbers can all be odd numbers, not whether they must all be odd numbers.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago
Spicy Brigadoon
Jul 28, 2017

in a, b and c, there must either be two evens or two odds. All pairs are summed, including the matching ones, which will be even.

Why there must be 2 evens or 2 odds? Why can't they be 3 evens or 3 odds?

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago
Qwer Rewq
Jul 27, 2017

It's simple no two odd number and two even numbers sum can be odd So its"NO"

Jeff Fowler
Jul 27, 2017

Simply put: There are 6 integers, and since 6 is an even number, 6 multiplied by any number (odd or even) it will always produce an even number result.

This is wrong. By your logic, a+b must always produce an even number.

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago
Tedd Corman
Jul 25, 2017

I like to solve as follows (similar to other solutions):

There are 8 possible even/odd (e/o) permutations on integers a, b, c. Enumerating the permutations and sums:

a b c a+b a+c b+c

e e e e e e

e e o e o o

e o o o o e

o o o e e e

o o e e o o

o e e o o e

e o e o e o

o e o o e o

Therefore all three sums will never be odd.

Good work. This would be extremely tedious if we got more variables to consider, right?

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

To result in an odd number, you need to sum a pair number to an odd number. But if we have the sum that envolves all the three numbers, you will have a sum of either odd with odd or pair with pair. So no, it is not possible.

What do you mean by "envolves"?

Pi Han Goh - 3 years, 10 months ago

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