If the limit n → ∞ + lim ( 1 + ∫ 0 4 1 π ( 1 + tan x 1 − tan x ) n d x ) n = b a where a , b are positive real numbers and b is prime. Find the value of b b a .
Inspired by Tangle .
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A nice question......even I had generalised the integral after solving Tangle, but never thought of posting a question...!!
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That's good to know. You can even advanced this problem if you wish. 😉
[ Redacted message, because I made a mistake ]
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How did you reach 2 n 1 by solving the series?
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n − 1 1 − n − 3 1 → 2 n 1
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@Pi Han Goh – Hey wait, this doesn't hold. Lemme work it out....
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@Pi Han Goh – Yeah that's what i mentioned in my previous comment but then deleted it....
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@Aaghaz Mahajan – Sorry, I made a booboo. I assumed n is an integer, which is a fallacy. I've retracted my message.
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@Pi Han Goh – So, the harmonic number approach is correct? I just want to confirm, because I reached the same value of the integral, as Naren did....
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@Aaghaz Mahajan – Yup correct. I would have solved it via digamma functions though.
Well, my ideas was to generalize the integral so I did above. I agree we dont need to play around harmonic numbers or digamma function if we just care about the limit to be solved. As I alternative solution, I solved using DCT, by squeeze theorem using Bernoulli's inequality :)
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NICEEEEEEEEEEEE
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@Pi Han Goh – Thank you sir. I have written a note ( outline of general problem) here . Please have a look at it. :)
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@Naren Bhandari – Great work.... I'm still digesting it....
I solved the problem like this way:
Let I n = ∫ 0 4 π tan n x , therefore we get the the relation I n + I n − 2 = n − 1 1 . Now, since n → ∞ , I n ≈ I n − 2 . This implies I n ≈ 2 ( n − 1 ) 1 .
Now from here, by same approach we can reach to the answer of e .
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Note that the integral ∫ 0 4 1 π ( 1 + tan x 1 − tan x ) n d x = x = 4 1 π − y ∫ 0 4 1 π tan n x d x then substitute u = tan x ⟹ d u = sec 2 x d x and hence ∫ 0 4 1 π tan n x d x = ∫ 0 1 1 + u 2 u n d u = k = 0 ∑ ∞ ( − 1 ) k ( ∫ 0 1 u 2 k + n d u ) On Integration we yield k = 0 ∑ ∞ 2 k + n + 1 ( − 1 ) k = k = 0 ∑ ∞ ( n + 4 k + 1 1 − n + 4 k + 3 1 ) the latter series can be written as 4 1 k = 0 ∑ ∞ ( k + 1 1 − n + 4 k + 3 4 ) − 4 1 k = 0 ∑ ∞ ( k + 1 1 − n + 4 k + 1 4 ) = 4 1 k = 0 ∑ ∞ ( k + 1 1 − 4 n − 1 + k + 1 1 − ( k + 1 1 − 4 n − 3 + k + 1 1 ) ) ∴ ∫ 0 4 1 π ( 1 + tan x 1 − tan x ) n d x = 4 1 ( H 4 n − 1 − H 4 n − 3 ) Using the fact ( the asymptotic expansion) of H n ≈ γ + ln n + 2 n 1 − O ( n − 2 ) we yield 4 1 ( H 4 n − 1 − H 4 n − 3 ) ≈ 2 n 1 → 0 as n → ∞ and hence the required limit is ∼ n → ∞ lim ( 1 + 2 n 1 ) n = e and hence b b a = 2 e ≈ 3 . 2 1 9 7 4 4 .