It's just missing a cosine

Calculus Level 3

Evaluate

0 π 2 sin x sin x + cos x d x \large \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \sin { x } }{ \sin { x } +\cos { x } } } \, dx


The answer is 0.7854.

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1 solution

Dylan Pentland
Nov 4, 2015

Call the first integral (if taken without bounds) I I . There's a nice way to do this if you consider a "counterpart" integral, J = cos x sin x + cos x d x J=\int _{}^{}{ \frac { \cos{x} }{ \sin { x } +\cos { x } } } dx Then we have I + J = x I+J=x . Observe that I J I-J is a far easier integral:

I J = sin x cos x sin x + cos x d x I-J=\int _{ }^{ }{ \frac { \sin { x } -\cos { x } }{ \sin { x } +\cos { x } } } dx

then substitute u = sin x + cos x d x = 1 cos x sin x d u u=\sin{x}+\cos{x} \Rightarrow dx= \frac{1}{\cos{x}-\sin{x}} du . This can cancel! We get

I J = 1 u d u = ln sin x + cos x I-J= - \int_{}^{}{\frac{1}{u}} du = -\ln{|\sin{x}+\cos{x}|}

Thus, ( I + J ) + ( I J ) 2 = I = x ln sin x + cos x 2 \frac{(I+J)+(I-J)}{2}=I=\frac{x-\ln{|\sin{x}+\cos{x}|}}{2} . Plugging in the bounds, in both cases the logarithm becomes 0 0 and we are left with π 4 0.7854 \frac{\pi}{4} \approx 0.7854 .


While this gives the indefinite integral, there is a faster way to solve the indefinite integral posed. (Credit to Pi Han Goh):

Take J J and substitute u = π 2 x u=\frac{\pi}{2}-x . Then for the given bounds, J = I J=I and thus by adding I I and J J we get

2 I = 0 π 2 1 d x I = π 4 2I = \int _{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{1} dx \Rightarrow I=\frac{\pi}{4}

Inspite of subtracting I and J, if you add them, solution will become 100 times easier than your solution.

Akhil Bansal - 5 years, 7 months ago

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I did add them (see I + J = x I+J=x ), but you need to subtract as well in order to obtain just I I .

Dylan Pentland - 5 years, 7 months ago

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No. You misunderstood. Let I I denote this integral. Use a substitution of y = π 2 x y = \frac\pi2 - x . Then Add these two integrals together, you get 2 I = 0 π / 2 1 d x I = π 4 2I = \int_0^{\pi/2} 1 \, dx \Rightarrow I = \frac\pi4 .

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh Oh, I see what you mean. That doesn't work in general though, my intention was that people find the indefinite integral... seems like I chose my bounds poorly when making the problem.

Dylan Pentland - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh Wow, I actually hadn't seen that! This problem was in a calculus book (possibly taken from that Olympiad?) I was working through and I came up with this approach (it was hinted to consider J).

Dylan Pentland - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Dylan Pentland Its a NCERT book problem.. Adding those integrals is the basic/common approach to do so..

Akhil Bansal - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Akhil Bansal Nobody knows what NCERT means

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh In all the schools in india, teachers teach students from NCERT.

Akhil Bansal - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Akhil Bansal And considered to be the most basic book. (You mean to say all the CBSE schools in India).

Ameya Salankar - 5 years, 7 months ago

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