Consider the function from the positive integers to the reals f ( n ) = k = 1 ∑ n sin 3 ( k ° ) Find the maximum possible value of f ( n ) as n ranges over all positive integers. Leave your answer to the nearest integer. Think out of the box or it will be very difficult. . . Try my Other Problems
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I would give the closed form of the answer it is :
4 3 c o t ( 2 1 o ) − c o t ( 2 3 o )
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Write sin 3 k o = 4 3 sin k o − sin 3 k o and use the formula :
r = 1 ∑ n s i n ( a + ( r − 1 ) d ) = sin 2 d sin ( 2 n d ) sin ( a + 2 ( n − 1 ) d )
Instead of taking the area underneath the graph from limits [ 0 , π ] as that of a rectangle with base π , I used the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals . Using this in the integral π − 1 8 0 π 1 ∫ 1 8 0 π π sin 3 ( x ) d x we can directly get the average of all terms.
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Actually thats what I was doing.. I just don't know the name of it then.
Sirs, with regard to Julian Sir's solution, I have a doubt please. In the summation, it is given that the least value of k is k = 1 , while the greatest value of k is k = n (which we discover is 1 8 0 in order to get the maximum). Why do we then take the range of k ° in s i n ( k ° ) as 0 ° ≤ k ° ≤ 1 8 0 ° instead of 1 ° ≤ k ° ≤ 1 8 0 ° before converting degrees to radians to set up the definite integral? Also unless it were from 1 ° ≤ k ° ≤ 1 8 0 ° , we would get 1 8 1 terms, not 1 8 0 . Please help me. Thanks very much in advance.
@Julian Poon @Calvin Lin @Ronak Agarwal @brian charlesworth
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You're right, the lowest value should be 1 ∘ = 1 8 0 π radians. But effectively, since sin ( 0 ) = 0 in both degree and radian measure, and since integrating from x = 1 8 0 π instead of 0 only makes a difference at the 8th decimal figure, it doesn't end up making any significant difference to Julian's approximation. Nevertheless, you have a good eye for details. :)
Amazing problem, my approach is quite different,
We can obviously write the given expression as
∑ i = 1 n ( 4 3 s i n ( 1 8 0 2 π k ) − 4 s i n ( 1 2 0 2 π k ) )
Now this is simply the partial sum (depends on value of n ofcourse) of the complex roots of unity, one set is of the the 360th and the other 120th roots of unity,
Clear we would want one to be maximum (the one with positive sign ) the first one and the other with negative sign to be minimum,
The first one will be maximum at the peak point or n= 180 k for some odd integer k , (as the sum is 0 when all roots are added and max at the middle)
But the second one is never 0 for any 180k where k is odd number,
so we see that it atleast with holds to minimum value possible,
at k=1, we will make second term maximum (sum uptill 120 + 60 and 60 is middle term)
at k=3, is when we get 76 as the closest integer, we can see that again the sum falls above,
i agree that this is a bit of a trial and error but also in this simple case, i found it simpler this way than to use the formula for sum of the roots of unity and find maxima
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This is tagged in geometry. I would solve it with geometry.
Considering the graph of sin ( x ° ) , it can be seen that the maximum occurs when n = 1 8 0 since from then on, it becomes negative. So, in the function sin ( x ° ) , there are 1 8 0 terms between 0 ≤ x ° ≤ 1 8 0 ° or 0 ≤ x ° ≤ π . With so many terms squished in such a small "space", we can estimate this summation to integration.
To find an estimate of the average of all the terms, we can integrate the function: ∫ 0 π sin 3 ( x ) d x = 3 4 This gives us the area underneath the graph between 0 ≤ x ° ≤ π . Then, we can assume this area to be of a rectangle with its base length as π . So, dividing the above value by π would give the estimate of the average of all the terms: π ( 3 4 ) = 3 π 4 Finally, to find an estimate of the answer, we just have to take that and times the number of terms:
3 π 4 × 1 8 0 = 7 6 . 3 9 4 3 7 2 6 8 4 1 0 9 7 6 . . . This is very very close to the exact answer: 7 6 . 3 9 4 3 7 2 7 7 2 7 2 5 8 . . . Therefore, rounding up to the nearest integer would give 7 6
NOTE: This is fairly accurate because a lot of terms are squished into a small space, making it similar to integration.
Feel free to post solutions that would give a more accurate answer.