Locus of the incenter of A B C \triangle ABC

Calculus Level 3

In the unit circle centered at the origin, we inscribe A B C \triangle ABC with A = ( 1 , 0 ) , B = ( 1 , 0 ) A = (-1, 0) , B = (1, 0) , and C C moving freely on the circumference of the circle. The incenter of A B C \triangle ABC traces a closed locus. Find the area enclosed by the locus.

π 2 \pi - 2 1 2 ( π 1 ) \dfrac{1}{2} ( \pi - 1 ) 1 2 π \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \pi 2 π 5 2 \pi - 5

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Apr 26, 2021

Considering the triangle A I B AIB we have A I sin ( 1 4 π θ ) = 2 sin 3 4 π \frac{AI}{\sin(\frac14\pi - \theta)} \; = \; \frac{2}{\sin\tfrac34\pi} and hence A I = 2 ( cos θ sin θ ) AI = 2(\cos\theta - \sin\theta) . Thus the coordinates of the incentre of A B C ABC are ( X = 1 + 2 ( cos θ sin θ ) cos θ , Y = 2 ( cos θ sin θ ) sin θ ) 0 θ 1 4 π \big( X \; = \; -1 + 2(\cos\theta - \sin\theta)\cos\theta\,,\,Y \; = \; 2(\cos\theta - \sin\theta)\sin\theta\big) \hspace{2cm} 0 \le \theta \le \tfrac14\pi at least for the top half of the locus, and so the desired area is 2 1 4 π 0 Y ( θ ) X ( θ ) d θ = π 2 2\int_{\frac14\pi}^0 Y(\theta)\,X'(\theta)\,d\theta \; = \; \boxed{\pi-2}


Indeed we see that X = cos 2 θ sin 2 θ Y = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1 X \; = \; \cos2\theta - \sin2\theta \hspace{2cm} Y \; = \; \cos2\theta + \sin2\theta - 1 and hence X 2 + ( Y + 1 ) 2 = 2 X^2 + (Y+1)^2 = 2 so the upper half of the locus lies on the circle with centre ( 0 , 1 ) (0,-1) and radius 2 \sqrt{2} . This means that the area contained in the locus is 2 × [ 1 2 × 2 2 × 1 2 π 1 2 × 2 2 × sin 1 2 π ] = π 2 2 \times \Big[\tfrac12 \times \sqrt{2}^2 \times \tfrac12\pi - \tfrac12 \times \sqrt{2}^2 \times \sin\tfrac12\pi\Big] \; = \; \pi - 2

Just for fun, here's a plot showing the locus of the incentre together with the locus of the centroid:

Chris Lewis - 1 month, 2 weeks ago

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The locus of the centroid being, of course, a circle centred at the origin with radius 1 / 3 1/3 ...

Mark Hennings - 1 month, 2 weeks ago

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Radius 1 3 \frac13 , but yes. The eye has it...

Chris Lewis - 1 month, 2 weeks ago

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@Chris Lewis Typo corrected...

Mark Hennings - 1 month, 2 weeks ago

The CBS logo!

David Vreken - 1 month, 1 week ago

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I had to look it up but yes!! I suspect this is how they came up with it ;-).

Chris Lewis - 1 month, 1 week ago

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