Maximize

Geometry Level 3

Given two real numbers x , y x, y satisfying the relation x 2 + y 2 = 1 x^{2}+y^{2}=1 . Then find the maximum value of

1 x 2 + 3 x y + 5 y 2 \large\dfrac{1}{x^{2}+3xy+5y^{2}}


The answer is 2.

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2 solutions

Pulkit Gupta
Nov 7, 2015

I would like to drop a hint after which the question simplifies greatly.

Substitute x for s i n θ sin \theta and y for c o s θ cos \theta

For those who want some elaboration:

Searching for the maximum value of 1 x 2 + 3 x y + 5 y 2 \dfrac1{x^2+3xy+5y^2} is equivalent to searching for the mininimum value of x 2 + 3 x y + 5 y 2 x^2 + 3xy + 5y ^2 . Substituting of x = sin θ , y = cos θ x = \sin\theta, y= \cos\theta , we get 1 + 4 cos 2 θ + 3 cos θ sin θ = 1 + 2 ( cos 2 θ + 1 ) + 3 2 ( 2 sin θ cos θ ) = 3 + 2 cos 2 θ + 3 2 sin 2 θ 1 + 4\cos^2\theta + 3\cos\theta \sin\theta = 1 + 2(\cos2\theta + 1) + \frac32 (2\sin\theta \cos\theta) = 3 + 2\cos2\theta + \frac32 \sin2\theta .

Apply the Trigonometric R method : 3 + 2 2 + ( 3 2 ) 2 sin ( 2 θ + α ) 3 + \sqrt{2^2 + \left(\frac32\right)^2} \sin(2\theta + \alpha) . Minimum occurs when the sine function equal to 1 -1 , the expresion becomes 3 2.5 = 0.5 3 - 2.5 = 0.5 .

So the maximum value is 1 ÷ 0.5 = 2 1\div 0.5 = 2 .

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 7 months ago

i also solved it in the same way

Devansh Shah - 5 years, 7 months ago
Otto Bretscher
Nov 7, 2015

After the substitution x = u 3 v , y = v + 3 u x=u-3v,y=v+3u , we have to maximize 1 55 u 2 + 5 v 2 \frac{1}{55u^2+5v^2} subject to 10 u 2 + 10 v 2 = 1 10u^2+10v^2=1 . This amounts to maximizing 2 100 u 2 + 1 \frac{2}{100u^2+1} for 0 u 2 1 10 0\leq u^2 \leq \frac{1}{10} . The maximum is 2 \boxed{2} when u = 0 u=0 .

How did you pick x = u 3 v x=u-3v and y = v + 3 u y=v+3u ? It looks like you're doing some Jacobian determinant, am I right?

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 7 months ago

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I'm finding the (orthogonal) eigenvectors to diagonalise the quadratic form.

Otto Bretscher - 5 years, 7 months ago

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Can you translate it to English?

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh I guess eigenvectors are (half) German ;) As you know, the equation x 2 + 3 x y + 5 y 2 = 1 x^2+3xy+5y^2=1 defines an ellipse. To find the principal axes, we can look for the eigenvectors of the matrix of the quadratic form, which is [ 1 3 / 2 3 / 2 5 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1 & {3/2} \\ {3/2} & 5 \end{bmatrix}

Otto Bretscher - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Otto Bretscher Ahhh. Now I just need a thesaurus. Thanks

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Pi Han Goh For practice, apply these ideas here ;)

Otto Bretscher - 5 years, 7 months ago

@Pi Han Goh I resorted to Lagrange multipliers. :P

Brian Charlesworth - 5 years, 7 months ago

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@Brian Charlesworth That's my favourite method too, Brian! But it can be fun to apply some concepts from linear algebra...

Otto Bretscher - 5 years, 7 months ago

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