Muhammad's recurrence

Algebra Level 3

Consider a sequence of numbers f i f_i such that f n = f n 1 + f n 2 f_n = f_{n - 1} + f_{n - 2} for every integer n 3 n \ge 3 . If f 7 = 56 f_7 = 56 , what is

f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 8 + f 9 + f 10 ? f_1 + f_2 + f_3 + f_4 + f_5 + f_6 + f_7 + f_8 + f_9 + f_{10}?

This problem is shared by Muhammad A .


The answer is 616.

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13 solutions

Matt Enlow
May 20, 2014

Using the recurrence relation given, all terms in the desired sum can be written in terms of f 7 f_7 and f 8 f_8 (or, really, any two consecutive terms). The easier terms to find are

f 9 = f 7 + f 8 f_9=f_7+f_8

and

f 10 = f 8 + f 9 = f 8 + ( f 7 + f 8 ) = f 7 + 2 f 8 . f_{10}=f_8+f_9=f_8+(f_7+f_8)=f_7+2f_8.

Then, working "backwards," we can use the fact that f n = f n + 2 f n + 1 f_n=f_{n+2}-f_{n+1} for all integers n 1 n\ge 1 :

f 6 = f 8 f 7 f 5 = f 7 f 6 = f 7 ( f 8 f 7 ) = 2 f 7 f 8 f 4 = f 6 f 5 = ( f 8 f 7 ) ( 2 f 7 f 8 ) = 3 f 7 + 2 f 8 f 3 = f 5 f 4 = ( 2 f 7 f 8 ) ( 3 f 7 + 2 f 8 ) = 5 f 7 3 f 8 f 2 = f 4 f 3 = ( 3 f 7 + 2 f 8 ) ( 5 f 7 3 f 8 ) = 8 f 7 + 5 f 8 f 1 = f 3 f 2 = ( 5 f 7 3 f 8 ) ( 8 f 7 + 5 f 8 ) = 13 f 7 8 f 8 \begin{aligned} f_6 &= f_8-f_7 \\ f_5 &= f_7-f_6 = f_7-(f_8-f_7) = 2f_7-f_8 \\ f_4 &= f_6-f_5 = (f_8-f_7)-(2f_7-f_8) = -3f_7+2f_8 \\ f_3 &= f_5-f_4 = (2f_7-f_8)-(-3f_7+2f_8) = 5f_7-3f_8 \\ f_2 &= f_4-f_3 = (-3f_7+2f_8)-(5f_7-3f_8) = -8f_7+5f_8 \\ f_1 &= f_3-f_2 = (5f_7-3f_8)-(-8f_7+5f_8) = 13f_7-8f_8 \end{aligned}

So the sum of the ten terms now becomes

( 13 8 + 5 3 + 2 1 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 1 ) f 7 + ( 8 + 5 3 + 2 1 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 ) f 8 = 11 f 7 + 0 f 8 = 11 ( 56 ) = 616. \begin{aligned} &(13\!-\!8\!+\!5\!-\!3\!+\!2\!-\!1\!+\!1\!+\!0\!+\!1\!+\!1)f_7+(-8\!+\!5\!-\!3\!+\!2\!-\!1\!+\!1\!+\!0\!+\!1\!+\!1\!+\!2)f_8 \\ = &11f_7+0f_8 \\ = &11(56) \\ = &616. \end{aligned}

This nice solution is slightly different from most, because everything is expressed in terms of f 7 f_7 and f 8 , f_8, rather than f 1 f_1 and f 2 . f_2.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago

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TRUE................

Pratyush Sahoo - 5 years, 9 months ago
Jared Low
May 20, 2014

Let f 1 = a f_1=a and f 2 = b f_2=b .

Then we have:

f 3 = a + b f_3= a+b

f 4 = a + 2 b f_4= a+2b

f 5 = 2 a + 3 b f_5= 2a+3b

f 6 = 3 a + 5 b f_6=3a+5b

f 7 = 5 a + 8 b f_7=5a+8b

f 8 = 8 a + 13 b f_8=8a+13b

f 9 = 13 a + 21 b f_9=13a+21b

f 10 = 21 a + 34 b f_{10}=21a+34b

Then:

f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 8 + f 9 + f 10 f_1+f_2+f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_7+f_8+f_9+f_{10}

= 55 a + 88 b = 11 ( 5 a + 8 b ) = 11 f 7 = 11 56 = 616 =55a+88b=11*(5a+8b)=11*f_7=11*56=616

Daniel Chiu
May 20, 2014

Let f 1 f_1 be a a , and let f 2 f_2 be b b . Now, using the recurrence relation:

f 3 = a + b f_3=a+b f 4 = a + 2 b f_4=a+2b f 5 = 2 a + 3 b f_5=2a+3b f 6 = 3 a + 5 b f_6=3a+5b f 7 = 5 a + 8 b f_7=5a+8b f 8 = 8 a + 13 b f_8=8a+13b f 9 = 13 a + 21 b f_9=13a+21b f 10 = 21 a + 34 b f_{10}=21a+34b Now, we are given f 7 = 56 = 5 a + 8 b f_7=56=5a+8b , and we must find f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 8 + f 9 + f 10 f_1+f_2+f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_7+f_8+f_9+f_{10} . Adding up our above terms, our sum is equal to 55 a + 88 b 55a+88b . Finally, 55 a + 88 b = 11 ( 5 a + 8 b ) = 11 f 7 = 11 ( 56 ) = 616 55a+88b=11(5a+8b)=11f_7=11(56)=616 .

Manual correction

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago
Alex Yu
May 20, 2014

Note that from the recurrence relation, that f 3 = f 1 + f 2 f_3 = f_1+f_2 . Similarly, f 4 = f 3 + f 2 = ( f 1 + f 2 ) + f 2 = f 1 + 2 f 2 f_4 = f_3+f_2 = (f_1+f_2)+f_2 = f_1+2f_2 . One can immediately see that a pattern emerges (easily proven by induction): that if a n a_n is the nth Fibonacci number (and n 3 n \geq 3 ), then f n = a n 2 f 1 + a n 1 f 2 f_n = a_{n-2}f_1+a_{n-1}f_2 .

To prove this via induction, note that the base has already been previously shown. To prove the inductive step, assume that it holds for all integers up to some k k . Then we have that f k + 1 = f k 1 + f k = ( a k 3 f 1 + a k 2 f 2 ) + ( a k 2 f 1 + a k 1 f 2 ) f_{k+1} = f_{k-1} + f_k = (a_{k-3}f_1+a_{k-2}f_2) + (a_{k-2}f_1+a_{k-1}f_2) = f 1 ( a k 3 + a k 2 ) + f 2 ( a k 2 + a k 1 ) = f 1 a k 1 + f 2 a k = f_1(a_{k-3}+a_{k-2}) + f_2(a_{k-2}+a_{k-1}) = f_1a_{k-1} + f_2a_k , as desired.

Therefore, we can represent each f i f_i in terms of f 1 f_1 and f 2 f_2 . Summing up the corresponding values for i = 1 , 2 , , 10 i=1, 2, \ldots, 10 yields that the sum is equivalent to 55 f 1 + 88 f 2 55f_1+88f_2 . However, note that f 7 = a 5 f 1 + a 6 f 2 = 5 f 1 + 8 f 2 = 56 f_7 = a_5f_1+a_6f_2 = 5f_1+8f_2=56 . Therefore, we have that the sum is equal to 55 f 1 + 88 f 2 = 11 ( 5 f 1 + 8 f 2 ) = 11 f 7 = 11 56 = 616 55f_1+88f_2 = 11(5f_1+8f_2) = 11f_7 = 11\cdot 56 = \boxed{616} .

Ronald Keswantono
May 20, 2014

suppose: f(1)=a and f(2)=b f(3) =a + b f(4) =a + 2b f(5) =2a + 3b f(6) =3a + 5b f(7) =5a + 8b f(8) =8a + 13b f(9) =13a + 21b f(10) =21a + 34b

Then sum f(1) until f(10) f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)+f(7)+f(8)+f(9)+f(10) = 55a+88b =11(5a + 8b) =11(56) =616

f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 8 + f 9 + f 10 = f_1+f_2+f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_7+f_8+f_9+f_{10}= f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 8 + f 8 + f 9 + f 9 = f_1+f_2+f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_7+f_8+f_8+f_9+f_9= f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 8 + f 8 + f 8 + f 8 = f_1+f_2+f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_8+f_8+f_8+f_8= f 3 + f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 6 + f 7 + f 6 + f 7 + f 6 + f 7 + f 6 + f 7 = f_3+f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_6+f_7+f_6+f_7+f_6+f_7+f_6+f_7= f 3 + f 5 + f 5 + f 6 + f 6 + f 6 + f 6 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 = f_3+f_5+f_5+f_6+f_6+f_6+f_6+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7= f 3 + f 7 + f 7 + f 6 + f 6 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 = f_3+f_7+f_7+f_6+f_6+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7= f 3 + f 6 + f 6 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 = f_3+f_6+f_6+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7= f 3 + f 4 + f 5 + f 6 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 = f_3+f_4+f_5+f_6+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7= f 5 + f 5 + f 6 + f 6 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 = f_5+f_5+f_6+f_6+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7= f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 + f 7 = f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7+f_7= 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + 56 = 56+56+56+56+56+56+56+56+56+56+56= 616

This is really brute force solution. Correct, but hurts the eyes to read :)

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago
Alex Wice
May 20, 2014

Denote ( x , y ) (x,y) to be x f 1 + y f 2 x*f_1 + y*f_2 . Our strategy is to represent f 7 f_7 and the required sum.

By brute force, we calculate:

f 1 = ( 1 , 0 ) f_1 = (1,0)

f 2 = ( 0 , 1 ) f_2 = (0,1)

f 3 = ( 1 , 1 ) f_3 = (1,1)

f 4 = ( 1 , 2 ) f_4 = (1,2)

f 5 = ( 2 , 3 ) f_5 = (2,3)

f 6 = ( 3 , 5 ) f_6 = (3,5)

f 7 = ( 5 , 8 ) f_7 = (5,8)

f 8 = ( 8 , 13 ) f_8 = (8,13)

f 9 = ( 13 , 21 ) f_9 = (13,21)

f 10 = ( 21 , 34 ) f_{10} = (21,34)

We can find that f 7 = ( 5 , 8 ) f_7 = (5,8) and the sum is ( 55 , 88 ) = 11 ( 5 , 8 ) = 11 56 = 616 (55,88) = 11*(5,8) = 11*56 = 616 as desired.

"We can find that f 7 = ( 5 , 8 ) f_7 = (5,8) and the sum is ( 55 , 88 ) = 11 ( 5 , 8 ) = 11 56 = 616 (55,88) = 11*(5,8) = 11*56 = 616 as desired." The pair should be distinguished from the value of the linear combination.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago
Elijah Tan
May 20, 2014

From the sequence, it is seen that the term is the sum of the previous and the previous previous term. This is a familiar sequence known as the fibonacci sequence where the original sequence goes 1,1,2,3,5,8...... Therefore, Let f1 = a Let f2 = b f3 = a +b f4 = a + 2b f5 = 2a + 3b f6 = 3a + 5b f7 = 5a + 8b f8 = 8a + 13b f9 = 13a + 21b

f10 = 21a + 34b

sum of the first 10 terms is 55a + 88b and f7 = 5a + 8b which is 11 times smaller than the sum. Therefore, if f7 = 56, then sum of the first 10 terms will be 56 x 11 = 616

"This is a familiar sequence known as the fibonacci sequence where the original sequence goes 1,1,2,3,5,8......" Not quite, it may be different.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago
Max Bu
May 20, 2014

Let f 1 = x f_1=x and f 2 = y f_2 =y . Then f 7 = 5 x + 8 y = 56 f_7=5x+8y=56 . The problem implies that f 1 + f 2 + . . . + f 9 + f 10 f_1+f_2+...+f_9+f_{10} is constant. So it doesn't matter what x x and y y are, as long as they satisfy 5 x + 8 y = 56 5x+8y=56 . To make the calculations simpler, we let x = 8 x=8 and y = 2 y=2 . Calculating f 1 f_1 to f 10 f_{10} and adding gives 616 616 .

"The problem implies that f 1 + f 2 + . . . + f 9 + f 10 f_1+f_2+...+f_9+f_{10} is constant. " The assumption of the problem's correctness is not a part of the problem.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago
Vikram Waradpande
May 20, 2014

The sequence will be of the form : a , b , ( a + b ) , ( a + 2 b ) , ( 2 a + 3 b ) , ( 3 a + 5 b ) , ( 5 a + 8 b ) , ( 8 a + 12 b ) , ( 13 a + 20 b ) , ( 21 a + 32 b ) \small {a, b, (a+b), (a+2b), (2a+3b), (3a+5b), \\ (5a+8b), (8a+12b), (13a+20b), (21a+32b)} The seventh term in this sequence is : 5 a + 8 b 5a+8b Therefore 5 a + 8 b = 56 5a+8b=56 The only solutions Z + \in \mathbb{Z^{+}} is ( 0 , 7 ) , ( 8 , 2 ) (0,7) , (8,2) So a = 0 a=0 or 8 8 and b = 7 b=7 or 2 2 So in all there are two series possible. Substituting any solution set and summing the we get the sum as 616 \boxed{616}

Actually considering negative solutions as well, we get the same sum.

It is not given that the numbers are integers. They may as well be reals.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years ago
Calvin Lin Staff
May 13, 2014

Observe that

f 7 = f 6 + f 5 = 2 f 5 + f 4 = 3 f 4 + 2 f 3 = 5 f 3 + 3 f 2 = 8 f 2 + 5 f 1 . f_7 = f_6 + f_5 = 2f_5 + f_4 = 3f_4 + 2f_3 = 5f_3 + 3f_2 = 8f_2 + 5f_1.

Then

i = 1 10 f i = f 1 + f 2 + ( f 1 + f 2 ) + ( f 1 + 2 f 2 ) + ( 2 f 1 + 3 f 2 ) + ( 3 f 1 + 5 f 2 ) + ( 5 f 1 + 8 f 2 ) + ( 8 f 1 + 13 f 2 ) + ( 13 f 1 + 21 f 2 ) + ( 21 f 1 + 34 f 2 ) = 55 f 1 + 88 f 2 = 11 f 7 = 616. \begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{10} f_i = & f_1 + f_2 + (f_1 + f_2) + (f_1 + 2f_2) + (2f_1 + 3f_2) +(3f_1 + 5f_2) \\ & \quad + (5f_1 + 8f_2) + (8f_1 + 13f_2) + (13f_1 + 21f_2) + (21f_1 + 34f_2) \\ = & 55f_1 + 88f_2 \\ = & 11f_7 \\ = & 616. \end{aligned}

Ahmed Alaradi
Jun 6, 2016

By simplifing we can say that f7=56=5f0+8f1

Which is just correct for f0=0 &f1=7

Or f0=10 &f1=2( neglected because fn+1>fn)

So 0,7,7,14,21,.....etc

Marco Antonio
Jan 15, 2016

I'm gonna right my answer in terms of rate of change. Look:

f n = f n 1 + f n 2 f_{n} = f_{n-1} + f_{n-2} . I'm just gonna do this: f n f n 1 = f n 1 f n 2 \frac{f_{n}}{f_{n-1}} = \frac{f_{n-1}}{f_{n-2}} .
f n 2 = f n f n 1 f n f n 1 = f n 1 ( f n f n 1 ) f_{n-2} = f_{n} - f_{n-1} \Longrightarrow \frac{f_{n}}{f_{n-1}} = \frac{f_{n-1}}{(f_{n} - f_{n-1})} .
This will give me: f n f n 1 = 1 + f n 1 f n \frac{f_{n}}{f_{n-1}} = 1 + \frac{f_{n-1}}{f_{n}} .

I will call f n n 1 \frac{f_{n}}{n-1} as ϕ \phi . This emply: ϕ = 1 + 1 ϕ \phi = 1 + \frac{1}{\phi} . Multiply the terms by ϕ \phi :
ϕ 2 ϕ 1 = 0 ϕ = 1 ± 5 2 \phi^{2} - \phi - 1 = 0 \Longrightarrow \phi = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{5}}{2} . Since the sequence is made of consecutively sums, just consider ϕ = 1 + 5 2 \phi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} , which is approximately 1.618 1.618 .

Back to f 7 = 56 f_{7} = 56 . 56 1.618 = 34.641 \frac{56}{1.618} = 34.641 . I'm gonna work with two integer answer for f 6 f_{6} : 35 35 or 34 34 . Both will work. The rest of the job it's just elementary algebra with subtraction. Both answer will give this:

0 , 7 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 35 , 56 , 91 , 147 , 238 {0, 7, 7, 14, 21, 35, 56, 91, 147, 238} . Sum equal to 616 616 ;
8 , 2 , 10 , 12 , 22 , 34 , 56 , 90 , 146 , 236 {8, 2, 10, 12, 22, 34, 56, 90, 146, 236} . Sum equal to 616 616 .

Moderator note:

As explained below, this solution is incorrect as it makes the assumption that f n f n 1 = f n 1 f n 2 \frac{f_{n}}{f_{n-1}} = \frac{f_{n-1}}{f_{n-2}} , which is only true as a rough approximation.

Can you explain the second equation? How did you get f n f n 1 = f n 1 f n 2 \frac{ f_n } { f_{n-1} } = \frac{ f_{n-1} } {f_{n-2} } ?

Calvin Lin Staff - 5 years, 4 months ago

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Well, the sequence goes as f n = f n 1 + f n 2 f_{n} = f_{n-1} + f_{n-2} :

. . . . . , f n 2 , f n 1 , f n , . . . . . . . {.....,f_{n-2}, f_{n-1}, f_{n},.......} . I'm looking for the rate of change of the values, and I'm claiming that f n f n 1 \frac{f_{n}}{f_{n-1}} should be equal to f n 1 f n 2 \frac{f_{n-1}}{f_{n-2}} . It's like: a 5 a 4 = a 4 a 3 = a 3 a 2 = a 2 a 1 \frac{a_{5}}{a_{4}} = \frac{a_{4}}{a_{3}} = \frac{a_{3}}{a_{2}} = \frac{a_{2}}{a_{1}} .

After that, I'm gonna use the value of ϕ \phi to approximate f 6 f_6 .

Marco Antonio - 5 years, 4 months ago

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The claim is not true. They are close enough, but are not equal. For example, if f 1 = 1 , f 2 = 1 f_1 = 1, f_2 = 1 then we have f 3 = f 2 + f 1 = 2 f_3 = f_2 + f_1 = 2 . And we do not have the "constant rate of change of (relative) values" since 1 1 2 1 \frac{1}{1} \neq \frac{2}{1} .

Calvin Lin Staff - 5 years, 4 months ago

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@Calvin Lin Yes. It doesn't work for the first numbers, and rarely it's true for two numbers, but it's useful for approximations, which I should made it clear and used the \approx sign. My mistake. In fact, something not secret but well known about sequences with: f n = f n 1 + f n 2 f_n = f_{n-1} + f_{n-2} , is that you can pick any sequence with this property and after pick two consecutive numbers which are not in the beginning (the further away, better) and divide them (bigger one over the smaller one), an approximation of the golden ration will appears. Not just the Fibonacci sequence, as I thought. Anyway, a lot to learn.

Marco Antonio - 5 years, 4 months ago

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@Marco Antonio Your claim holds for most such sequences. However, one sequence where it fails is f i = ϕ i f_i = \phi^{-i} . In this case, the ratio is ϕ 1 \phi^{-1} .

The reason for this is that the general solution to the recurrence relation f n = f n 1 + f n + 2 f_n = f_{n-1} + f_{n+2} is of the form f n = A ϕ n + B ϕ n f_n = A \phi^n + B \phi^{-n} . If A 0 A\neq 0 , then for large enough n n , we have A ϕ n > > B ϕ n |A \phi^n| > > | B \phi^{-n} | , in which case the ratio of terms tends towards ϕ \phi .

Calvin Lin Staff - 5 years, 4 months ago

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