(Identify the incorrect step.)
Is
x + x + x + … = 2 − 1 + 4 x + 1 ?
Here is the proof ( with x > 0)
Let
y = x + x + x + …
Step 1 :
Multiply "i" on both the side( i = − 1 )
y i = i x + x + x + …
Step 2 :
Take "i" inside the root
y i = x i 2 + i 2 x + x + …
Step 3 :
Take i 2 inside the root
y i = x i 2 + x i 4 + i 4 x + …
Step 4 :
Squaring both the sides
− y 2 = − x + x + x + …
Step 5 :
Solving the above quadratic
− y 2 = − x + y
y 2 + y − x = 0
y = 2 − 1 + 4 x + 1 ( neglecting -ve sign as x > 0)
(Again, identify the incorrect step.)
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Step 2 is also wrong, beacuse i 2 = ± i , thus the LHS becomes ± y i instead of just y i .
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We have just multiplied 'i' and taken inside root no chance for ± sign. ± sign comes when we come out of root and here 'i' only goes inside the root
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If your domain of definition is complex number then ( ⋅ ) is a multivalued function (and hence, not a function in the usual sense). As an illustration, we know that 1 = 1 and not − 1 , by definition. However, what is i 2 ? If you think, it is only i then observe − i = i 3 1 = i 6 = i 2 = i where I have used i 2 = − 1 , i 4 = 1 .
Can you find the error in the above argument ?
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@Abhishek Sinha – I understand what you were saying about ± before, I want to say that only one will be correct from ± we have to check and compare with original equation here +i comes out of root as it must cancel the coefficient of 'y' to make the original equation. If instead of multiplying by "i" if we multiply '-i' then surely "-i" would have come out of root
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@Krishna Sharma – The thing is that there is no notion of correctness , in general, for square root of a complex number. It is not a function and hence does not make any sense in an equation.
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@Abhishek Sinha – Right. Often, the interpretation of exponentiation involving complex numbers, is that we have a multi-valued function, of which one of the possible values is the stated value.
Under that interpretation, step 2 would be considered correct.
I FULLY AGREE TO YOUR COMMENT
Also i =+/-¡
step 4 is also wrong, because squaring both sides gives -y^2 = l -x + sqr( x + sqr x + ....... l, because (sqr z)^2 = lzl
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Step 3 is incorrect
As i 2 = − 1 it cannot be taken inside 2 n d root or you can say square root does not yield negative sign
Correct procedure is
y i = x i 2 + i 2 x + x + …
With i 2 = − 1 , squaring both the sides
− y 2 = − x − x + x + . . .
Hence
y 2 − y − x = 0
y = 2 1 + 4 x + 1