Nested radical: disprove

Algebra Level 4

(Identify the incorrect step.)

Is

x + x + x + = 1 + 4 x + 1 2 \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \ldots }}} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{4x + 1}}{2} ?

Here is the proof ( with x > 0)

Let

y = x + x + x + \displaystyle y = \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \ldots }}}


Step 1 :

Multiply "i" on both the side( i = 1 i = \sqrt{-1} )

y i = i x + x + x + \displaystyle yi = i\sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \ldots }}}

Step 2 :

Take "i" inside the root

y i = x i 2 + i 2 x + x + \displaystyle yi = \sqrt{xi^{2} + i^{2}\sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \ldots }}}

Step 3 :

Take i 2 i^{2} inside the root

y i = x i 2 + x i 4 + i 4 x + \displaystyle yi = \sqrt{xi^{2} + \sqrt{xi^{4} + i^{4}\sqrt{x + \ldots }}}

Step 4 :

Squaring both the sides

y 2 = x + x + x + \displaystyle -y^{2} = -x + \sqrt{ x + \sqrt{x + \ldots}}

Step 5 :

Solving the above quadratic

y 2 = x + y \displaystyle -y^{2} = -x + y

y 2 + y x = 0 \displaystyle y^{2} + y - x = 0

y = 1 + 4 x + 1 2 \boxed{ y = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{4x + 1}}{2}} ( neglecting -ve sign as x > 0)


(Again, identify the incorrect step.)

Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1

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1 solution

Krishna Sharma
Nov 12, 2014

Step 3 is incorrect

As i 2 = 1 i^{2} = -1 it cannot be taken inside 2 n d 2^{nd} root or you can say square root does not yield negative sign

Correct procedure is

y i = x i 2 + i 2 x + x + yi = \sqrt{ xi^{2} + i^{2}\sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \ldots}}}

With i 2 = 1 i^{2} = -1 , squaring both the sides

y 2 = x x + x + . . . -y^{2} = -x - \sqrt{ x + \sqrt{ x +... }}

Hence

y 2 y x = 0 \displaystyle y^{2} - y - x = 0

y = 1 + 4 x + 1 2 \displaystyle \boxed{ y = \frac{1 + \sqrt{4x + 1}}{2}}

Step 2 is also wrong, beacuse i 2 = ± i \sqrt{i^2}= \pm i , thus the LHS becomes ± y i \pm yi instead of just y i yi .

Abhishek Sinha - 6 years, 7 months ago

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We have just multiplied 'i' and taken inside root no chance for ± \pm sign. ± \pm sign comes when we come out of root and here 'i' only goes inside the root

Krishna Sharma - 6 years, 7 months ago

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If your domain of definition is complex number then ( ) \sqrt(\cdot) is a multivalued function (and hence, not a function in the usual sense). As an illustration, we know that 1 = 1 \sqrt{1}=1 and not 1 -1 , by definition. However, what is i 2 \sqrt{i^2} ? If you think, it is only i i then observe i = i 3 1 = i 6 = i 2 = i -i=i^3\sqrt{1}=\sqrt{i^6}=\sqrt{i^2}=i where I have used i 2 = 1 , i 4 = 1 i^2=-1,i^4=1 .

Can you find the error in the above argument ?

Abhishek Sinha - 6 years, 7 months ago

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@Abhishek Sinha I understand what you were saying about ± \pm before, I want to say that only one will be correct from ± \pm we have to check and compare with original equation here +i comes out of root as it must cancel the coefficient of 'y' to make the original equation. If instead of multiplying by "i" if we multiply '-i' then surely "-i" would have come out of root

Krishna Sharma - 6 years, 7 months ago

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@Krishna Sharma The thing is that there is no notion of correctness , in general, for square root of a complex number. It is not a function and hence does not make any sense in an equation.

Abhishek Sinha - 6 years, 7 months ago

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@Abhishek Sinha Right. Often, the interpretation of exponentiation involving complex numbers, is that we have a multi-valued function, of which one of the possible values is the stated value.

Under that interpretation, step 2 would be considered correct.

Calvin Lin Staff - 6 years, 6 months ago

I FULLY AGREE TO YOUR COMMENT

vishwesh agrawal - 6 years, 6 months ago

Also i \sqrt{i} =+/-¡

Parth Lohomi - 6 years, 7 months ago

step 4 is also wrong, because squaring both sides gives -y^2 = l -x + sqr( x + sqr x + ....... l, because (sqr z)^2 = lzl

Peter Orton - 6 years, 6 months ago

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