Should you find theta?

Geometry Level 3

x n = 2 n cos n θ \large x_n=2^n \cos n\theta

For the given sequence we know that x 2 = 28 9 \large x_2=-\frac{28}{9} and x 3 = 184 27 . \large x_3=- \frac{184}{27}.

If x 4 = A B , x_4=\dfrac{A}{B}, where A A and B B are coprime positive integers, find A + B . A+B.


See Part 2 .


The answer is 353.

This section requires Javascript.
You are seeing this because something didn't load right. We suggest you, (a) try refreshing the page, (b) enabling javascript if it is disabled on your browser and, finally, (c) loading the non-javascript version of this page . We're sorry about the hassle.

3 solutions

Arturo Presa
Dec 27, 2015

First we can find a recurrence relation for x n x_n . Indeed, since x n = ( 2 e i θ ) n + ( 2 e i θ ) n 2 , x_n=\frac {(2e^{i\theta})^n+(2e^{-i\theta})^n}{2}, then x n x_n satisfies a linear recurrence relation with characteristic polynomial ( r 2 e i θ ) ( r 2 e i θ ) = (r-2e^{i\theta})(r-2e^{-i\theta})= = r 2 4 r cos θ + 4 =r^2- 4r\cos \theta +4 . For details you can see the last part of the wiki Linear Recurrence Relations with repeated roots . Then this implies that the sequence satisfies the recurrence: x n = 4 ( cos θ ) x n 1 4 x n 2 for all n 2. x_n=4(\cos \theta)x_{n-1}-4x_{n-2}\quad \text{for all}\quad n\geq 2.

Making n = 3 n=3 in the recurrence, substituting x 3 x_3 and x 2 x_2 by the given values, and x 1 x_1 by 2 cos θ , 2\cos\theta, we obtain the equation 184 27 = 4 ( cos θ ) ( 28 9 ) 8 cos θ . -\frac{184}{27}=4(\cos\theta) (-\frac{28}{9})-8\cos\theta. Solving the equation we obtain that cos θ = 1 3 . \cos\theta=\frac{1}{3}. Now, making n = 4 n=4 in the recurrence and substituting the cos θ \cos \theta we obtain that x 4 = 4 ( cos θ ) x 3 4 x 2 = 4 ( 1 3 ) ( 184 27 ) 4 ( 28 9 ) = 272 81 . x_4=4(\cos \theta)x_3-4x_2=4(\frac{1}{3})(-\frac{184}{27})-4(-\frac{28}{9})=\frac{272}{81}.
Then the solution to the problem is 353 . \boxed{353}.

Rishabh Jain
Dec 27, 2015

x 2 = 2 2 c o s ( 2 θ ) = 28 / 9 c o s ( 2 θ ) = 7 / 9 x_{2} =2^2 cos(2θ)=-28/9 \Rightarrow cos(2θ)=-7/9 Now, x 4 = 2 4 ( c o s ( 4 θ ) ) , = 16 ( 2 c o s 2 ( 2 θ ) 1 ) = 16 ( 2 ( 7 / 9 ) 2 1 ) = 16 ( 17 / 81 ) x_{4} =2^4(cos(4θ)),=16*(2cos^2(2θ)-1)=16(2(-7/9)^2 -1)=16*(17/81) 272+81=353

x 3 x_{3} is actually not required.

Pulkit Gupta
Dec 27, 2015

From question, x 2 = 28 9 \large x_2=-\frac{28}{9} = 2 2 cos ( 2 θ ) \large 2^2 \cos(2\theta) .

We note that x 4 = 2 4 cos ( 4 θ ) \large x_4=2^4 \cos(4\theta) = 2 4 ( 2 ( c o s ( 2 θ ) ) 2 \large 2^4 (2(cos(2\theta))^2 -1)). Substitute and simplify.

Definitely, this was short and nice, and makes unnecessary the recurrence that I formed!

Arturo Presa - 5 years, 5 months ago

Log in to reply

Yes, indeed. The question title motivated me to find the shortest method possible :)

Pulkit Gupta - 5 years, 5 months ago

Log in to reply

Thank you, @Pulkit Gupta . I posted another problem, inspired on this one, and trying to make a little harder when you use regular means. But I am still not sure if the regular identities are going to be easy to use or if the solvers are going to need the recurrence associated with the sequence. The problem is here.

Arturo Presa - 5 years, 5 months ago

Log in to reply

@Arturo Presa A odd theta makes us worry about the sign of sin θ \sin \theta . Hence, recurrence is the way out for getting the answer.

Pulkit Gupta - 5 years, 5 months ago

Log in to reply

@Pulkit Gupta Yes, I completely agree with you.

Arturo Presa - 5 years, 5 months ago

0 pending reports

×

Problem Loading...

Note Loading...

Set Loading...