x n = 2 n cos n θ
For the given sequence we know that x 2 = − 9 2 8 and x 3 = − 2 7 1 8 4 .
If x 4 = B A , where A and B are coprime positive integers, find A + B .
See Part 2 .
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x 2 = 2 2 c o s ( 2 θ ) = − 2 8 / 9 ⇒ c o s ( 2 θ ) = − 7 / 9 Now, x 4 = 2 4 ( c o s ( 4 θ ) ) , = 1 6 ∗ ( 2 c o s 2 ( 2 θ ) − 1 ) = 1 6 ( 2 ( − 7 / 9 ) 2 − 1 ) = 1 6 ∗ ( 1 7 / 8 1 ) 272+81=353
x 3 is actually not required.
From question, x 2 = − 9 2 8 = 2 2 cos ( 2 θ ) .
We note that x 4 = 2 4 cos ( 4 θ ) = 2 4 ( 2 ( c o s ( 2 θ ) ) 2 -1)). Substitute and simplify.
Definitely, this was short and nice, and makes unnecessary the recurrence that I formed!
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Yes, indeed. The question title motivated me to find the shortest method possible :)
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Thank you, @Pulkit Gupta . I posted another problem, inspired on this one, and trying to make a little harder when you use regular means. But I am still not sure if the regular identities are going to be easy to use or if the solvers are going to need the recurrence associated with the sequence. The problem is here.
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@Arturo Presa – A odd theta makes us worry about the sign of sin θ . Hence, recurrence is the way out for getting the answer.
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@Pulkit Gupta – Yes, I completely agree with you.
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First we can find a recurrence relation for x n . Indeed, since x n = 2 ( 2 e i θ ) n + ( 2 e − i θ ) n , then x n satisfies a linear recurrence relation with characteristic polynomial ( r − 2 e i θ ) ( r − 2 e − i θ ) = = r 2 − 4 r cos θ + 4 . For details you can see the last part of the wiki Linear Recurrence Relations with repeated roots . Then this implies that the sequence satisfies the recurrence: x n = 4 ( cos θ ) x n − 1 − 4 x n − 2 for all n ≥ 2 .
Making n = 3 in the recurrence, substituting x 3 and x 2 by the given values, and x 1 by 2 cos θ , we obtain the equation − 2 7 1 8 4 = 4 ( cos θ ) ( − 9 2 8 ) − 8 cos θ . Solving the equation we obtain that cos θ = 3 1 . Now, making n = 4 in the recurrence and substituting the cos θ we obtain that x 4 = 4 ( cos θ ) x 3 − 4 x 2 = 4 ( 3 1 ) ( − 2 7 1 8 4 ) − 4 ( − 9 2 8 ) = 8 1 2 7 2 .
Then the solution to the problem is 3 5 3 .