Simple looking nasty problem

Calculus Level 5

0 1 x Li 4 2 ( x ) d x = A B C π D E F G ζ ( H ) + I π J K π L M ζ ( N ) O P ζ ( Q ) + R π S T + ζ U ( V ) W π X Y ζ ( Z ) + α π β γ \int _{ 0 }^{ 1 }{ x{ { \text{ Li} } }_{ 4 }^{ 2 }\left( x \right) \, dx } =\frac { A }{ B } -\frac { C{ \pi }^{ D } }{ E } -\frac { F }{ G } \zeta \left( H \right) +\frac { I{ \pi }^{ J } }{ K } -\frac { { \pi }^{ L } }{ M } \zeta \left( N \right) -\frac { O }{ P } \zeta \left( Q \right) +\frac { R{ \pi }^{ S } }{ T } +\frac { { \zeta }^{ U }\left( V \right) }{ W } -\frac { { \pi }^{ X } }{ Y } \zeta \left( Z \right) +\frac { \alpha { \pi }^{ \beta } }{ \gamma }

The equation is true for positive integers A , B , C , , Z , α , β , γ A,B,C,\ldots,Z,\alpha, \beta, \gamma . Find the minimum value of the sum of those integers.

Notations :

  • Li n ( a ) { \text{Li} }_{ n }(a) denotes the polylogarithm function, Li n ( a ) = k = 1 a k k n . { \text{Li} }_{ n }(a)=\displaystyle\sum _{ k=1 }^{ \infty }{ \frac { { a }^{ k } }{ { k }^{ n } } }.

  • ζ ( ) \zeta(\cdot) denotes the Riemann zeta function .


The person who first posts the solution wins my respect!
For more calculus problems see this set .


The answer is 22620.

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2 solutions

Ishan Singh
May 8, 2016

Proposition : 0 1 x n Li s ( x ) d x = ( 1 ) s + 1 H n + 1 ( n + 1 ) s + r = 2 s [ ( 1 ) s + r ζ ( r ) ( n + 1 ) s r + 1 ] ; s 2 ; s , n Z + \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} x^{n} \operatorname{Li}_{s}(x) \mathrm{d}x = (-1)^{s+1} \dfrac{H_{n+1}}{(n+1)^{s}} + \sum_{r=2}^{s} \left[(-1)^{s+r} \dfrac{\zeta(r)}{(n+1)^{s-r+1}} \right] \ ; \ s \geq 2 \ ; \ s,n \in \mathbb{Z^{+}}

Proof : Let, J ( s ) = 0 1 x n Li s ( x ) \displaystyle \text{J}(s) = \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} x^{n} \operatorname{Li}_{s}(x)
Using I.B.P.,

J ( s ) = [ x n + 1 n + 1 Li s ( x ) ] 0 1 1 n + 1 0 1 x n Li s 1 ( x ) d x \displaystyle \text{J}(s) = \left[\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} \operatorname{Li}_{s}(x) \right]_{0}^{1} - \dfrac{1}{n+1} \int_{0}^{1} x^{n} \operatorname{Li}_{s-1}(x) \mathrm{d}x

= ζ ( s ) n + 1 1 n + 1 J ( s 1 ) \displaystyle = \dfrac{\zeta(s)}{n+1} - \dfrac{1}{n+1} \text{J}(s-1)

J ( s ) = ζ ( s ) n + 1 1 n + 1 J ( s 1 ) \displaystyle \implies \text{J}(s) = \dfrac{\zeta(s)}{n+1} - \dfrac{1}{n+1} \text{J}(s-1)

J ( r ) = ζ ( r ) n + 1 1 n + 1 J ( r 1 ) \displaystyle \implies \text{J}(r) = \dfrac{\zeta(r)}{n+1} - \dfrac{1}{n+1} \text{J}(r-1)

Multiplying both sides with ( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r \displaystyle (-1)^r (n+1)^{r} , we have,

( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r J ( r ) = ( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r 1 ζ ( r ) + ( 1 ) r 1 ( n + 1 ) r 1 J ( r 1 ) \displaystyle (-1)^r (n+1)^{r} \text{J}(r) = (-1)^r (n+1)^{r-1} \zeta(r) + (-1)^{r-1} (n+1)^{r-1} \text{J}(r-1)

( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r J ( r ) ( 1 ) r 1 ( n + 1 ) r 1 J ( r 1 ) = ( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r 1 ζ ( r ) \displaystyle \implies (-1)^r (n+1)^{r} \text{J}(r) - (-1)^{r-1} (n+1)^{r-1} \text{J}(r-1) = (-1)^r (n+1)^{r-1} \zeta(r)

Taking summation on both sides, we have,

r = 2 s [ f ( r ) f ( r 1 ) ] = r = 2 s [ ( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r 1 ζ ( r ) ] ( ) \displaystyle \sum_{r=2}^{s} [f(r) - f(r-1)] = \sum_{r=2}^{s} [(-1)^r (n+1)^{r-1} \zeta(r)] \quad (*)

where f ( r ) = ( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r J ( r ) \displaystyle f(r) = (-1)^r (n+1)^{r} \text{J}(r) . Clearly, ( ) (*) telescopes. Evaluating it, we have,

f ( s ) = f ( 1 ) + r = 2 s [ ( 1 ) r ( n + 1 ) r 1 ζ ( r ) ] \displaystyle f(s) = f(1) + \sum_{r=2}^{s} [(-1)^r (n+1)^{r-1} \zeta(r)]

Note that,

J ( 1 ) = 0 1 x n ln ( 1 x ) d x \displaystyle \text{J}(1) = -\int_{0}^{1} x^{n} \ln(1-x) \mathrm{d}x

= r = 1 0 1 x n + r r d x \displaystyle = \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{1} \dfrac{x^{n+r}}{r} \mathrm{d}x

= r = 1 1 r ( r + n + 1 ) \displaystyle = \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{1}{r(r+n+1)}

= 1 n + 1 r = 1 ( 1 r 1 r + n + 1 ) \displaystyle = \dfrac{1}{n+1} \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \left( \dfrac{1}{r} - \dfrac{1}{r+n+1} \right)

= 1 n + 1 r = 1 ( ( 1 r 1 r + 1 ) + ( 1 r + 1 1 r + 2 ) + + ( 1 r + n 1 r + n + 1 ) ) \displaystyle = \dfrac{1}{n+1} \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \left( \left(\dfrac{1}{r} - \dfrac{1}{r+1} \right) + \left(\dfrac{1}{r+1} - \dfrac{1}{r+2} \right) + \ldots + \left(\dfrac{1}{r+n} - \dfrac{1}{r+n+1} \right) \right)

= H n + 1 n + 1 \displaystyle = \dfrac{H_{n+1}}{n+1}

f ( 1 ) = H n + 1 \implies f(1) = - H_{n+1}

Putting these values in the recurrence relation, we have,

J ( s ) = ( 1 ) s + 1 H n + 1 ( n + 1 ) s + ( 1 ) s r = 2 s [ ( 1 ) r ζ ( r ) ( n + 1 ) s r + 1 ] \displaystyle \text{J}(s) = (-1)^{s+1} \dfrac{H_{n+1}}{(n+1)^{s}} + (-1)^{s} \sum_{r=2}^{s} \left[(-1)^r \dfrac{\zeta(r)}{(n+1)^{s-r+1}} \right] \quad \square

Now,

I = 0 1 x [ Li 4 ( x ) ] 2 d x \displaystyle \text{I} = \int_{0}^{1} x [\operatorname{Li}_{4}(x)]^2 \mathrm{d}x

= r = 1 1 r 4 0 1 x r + 1 Li 4 ( x ) d x \displaystyle = \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{1}{r^4} \int_{0}^{1} x^{r+1} \operatorname{Li}_{4}(x) \mathrm{d}x

Using the proposition,

= r = 1 ζ ( 2 ) r 4 ( r + 2 ) 3 r = 1 ζ ( 3 ) r 4 ( r + 2 ) 2 + r = 1 ζ ( 4 ) z 4 ( r + 2 ) r = 1 H r + 2 r 4 ( r + 2 ) 4 \displaystyle = \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{\zeta(2)}{r^4(r+2)^3} - \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{\zeta(3)}{r^4(r+2)^2} + \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{\zeta(4)}{z^4(r+2)} - \sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{H_{r+2}}{r^4(r+2)^4}

Now, using partial fractions and the elementary result r = 1 H r r p = ( 1 + p 2 ) ζ ( p + 1 ) 1 2 k = 1 p 2 ζ ( k + 1 ) ζ ( q k ) \displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^\infty \frac{H_r}{r^p}= \left(1+\frac{p}{2} \right)\zeta(p+1)-\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=1}^{p-2}\zeta(k+1)\zeta(q-k) , it simplifies to,

I = 361 256 59 384 π 2 3 32 ζ ( 3 ) + 19 2880 π 4 1 24 π 2 ζ ( 3 ) 3 8 ζ ( 5 ) + 1 2160 π 6 + 1 4 ζ ( 3 ) 2 1 180 π 4 ζ ( 3 ) + 1 16200 π 8 \displaystyle \text{I} = \dfrac{361}{256} - \dfrac{59}{384}\pi^2 - \dfrac{3}{32}\zeta(3) + \dfrac{19}{2880}\pi^4 - \dfrac{1}{24}\pi^2\zeta(3) -\dfrac38\zeta(5) + \dfrac{1}{2160}\pi^6 + \dfrac14\zeta(3)^2 - \dfrac{1}{180}\pi^4\zeta(3) + \dfrac{1}{16200}\pi^8

Ans. = 22620 \displaystyle \implies \text{Ans.} = \boxed{22620}


In general,

0 1 x n Li s ( x ) Li q ( x ) d x = r = 1 1 r s ( ( 1 ) q + 1 ( n + r + 1 ) q H n + r + 1 + ( 1 ) q k = 2 q ( 1 ) k ζ ( k ) ( n + r + 1 ) q k + 1 ) \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} x^n \operatorname{Li}_{s} (x) \ \operatorname{Li}_{q} (x) \ \mathrm{d}x \ = \ \sum_{r=1}^\infty \dfrac{1}{r^s} \left(\dfrac{(-1)^{q+1}}{(n+r+1)^q}H_{n+r+1} + (-1)^{q}\sum_{k=2}^q (-1)^k\dfrac{\zeta(k)}{(n+r+1)^{q-k+1}} \right)

which can be evaluated similarly by using partial fractions and the elementary Euler Sum.

Alternative method: (I did not solve the question because my method was too tedious)

Expressing the integral as a sum and integrating gives:

n = 1 1 n 4 m = 1 1 m 4 ( m + n + 2 ) \sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^4}\sum _{m=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{m^4\left(m+n+2\right)}

Using Partial Fractions, we get:

n = 1 1 n 4 m = 1 ( 1 ( n + 2 ) m 4 1 ( n + 2 ) 2 m 3 + 1 ( n + 2 ) 3 m 2 + 1 ( n + 2 ) 4 ( m + n + 2 ) 1 ( n + 2 ) 4 m ) \sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^4}\sum _{m=1}^{\infty}\left(\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)m^4}-\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^2m^3}+\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^3m^2}+\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^4\left(m+n+2\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^4m}\right)

n = 1 1 n 4 ( ζ ( 4 ) 1 n + 2 ζ ( 3 ) 1 ( n + 2 ) 2 + ζ ( 2 ) 1 ( n + 2 ) 3 H n + 2 ( n + 2 ) 4 ) \sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^4}\left(\zeta\left(4\right)\frac{1}{n+2}-\zeta\left(3\right)\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^2}+\zeta\left(2\right)\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^3}-\frac{H_{n+2}}{\left(n+2\right)^4}\right)

From here onwards, it should be easy, but very tedious to calculate the exact value.

Julian Poon - 5 years, 1 month ago

I think ishan did a fantastic job. I also find this in the paper as Mark :)

Aman Rajput - 5 years, 1 month ago

That certainly works but, as you say, would be difficult to generalise.

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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Not difficult, but tedious. It's just a matter of taking partial fractions, which can be handled rather neatly using Heaviside Cover Up Method.

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings I will delve deeper into it in the near future and provide any updates that I find.

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

Looking a little closer, there is a typo in what you have written here. Dividing out by ( n + 1 ) s (n+1)^s should give the formula J ( s ) = ( 1 ) s + 1 H s + 1 ( n + 1 ) s + r = 2 s ( 1 ) s r 1 ( n + 1 ) s r + 1 ζ ( q ) J(s) \; = \; (-1)^{s+1}\frac{H_{s+1}}{(n+1)^s} + \sum_{r=2}^s (-1)^{s-r} \frac{1}{(n+1)^{s-r+1}}\zeta(q) (you forgot to divide out by ( n + 1 ) s (n+1)^s within the sum) which makes the general formula 0 1 x m L i p ( x ) L i q ( x ) d x = r = 1 1 r p { k = 2 q ( 1 ) q k ( m + r + 1 ) q k + 1 ζ ( k ) + ( 1 ) q 1 ( m + r + 1 ) q H m + r + 1 } \int_0^1 x^m \mathrm{Li}_p(x)\,\mathrm{Li}_q(x)\,dx \; = \; \sum_{r=1}^\infty \frac{1}{r^p}\left\{ \sum_{k=2}^q \frac{(-1)^{q-k}}{(m+r+1)^{q-k+1}}\zeta(k) + \frac{(-1)^{q-1}}{(m+r+1)^q}H_{m+r+1}\right\} for p , q 2 p,q \ge 2 and m 0 m \ge 0 .

The real challenge will be to obtain a closed formula for the RHS of this expression. If nothing else, we need a formula which makes it obvious that this integral is a symmetric function of p p and q q .

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings I've fixed the typo. I think the denominators in the last summation for the general result can be simplified using partial fractions by Heaviside Cover Up Method. The wikipedia page for Heaviside Cover Up doesn't provide a method for the general case. I'm talking about a general case for repeated factors. As an explicit example, the case for distinct factors has been used by Mr. Robjohn here .

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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The typo still persists in your "In general" formula. I'm thinking about partial fractions...

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings I had edited it several times, I hope it has been fixed now. You can refresh your webpage to see it.

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh I have to work now, but I think I have cracked the partial fractions business. I will post this later. That should handle the first term of the integral (the sum involving Zeta functions) in terms of Harmonic numbers and Zeta functions. The last term will be expressible in terms of Euler sums and Zeta functions.

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings Nice! Do you think it is different from the paper already available? Is it worth publishing?

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh A simple induction on m m shows that a m + n 1 r m ( r + a ) n = j = 1 m ( 1 ) m j ( m + n j 1 n 1 ) a j 1 r j + ( 1 ) m j = 1 n ( m + n j 1 m 1 ) a j 1 ( r + a ) j \frac{a^{m+n-1}}{r^m(r+a)^n} \; =\; \sum_{j=1}^m (-1)^{m-j}{\textstyle\binom{m+n-j-1}{n-1}}\frac{a^{j-1}}{r^j} + (-1)^m \sum_{j=1}^n {\textstyle\binom{m+n-j-1}{m-1}}\frac{a^{j-1}}{(r+a)^j} for all positive integers m , n , a m,n,a . This means, for example, that r = 1 a m + n 1 r m ( r + a ) n = j = 2 m ( 1 ) m j ( m + n j 1 n 1 ) a j 1 ζ ( j ) + ( 1 ) m j = 2 n ( m + n j 1 m 1 ) a j 1 ζ ( j ) + ( 1 ) m + 1 j = 1 n ( m + n j 1 m 1 ) H a ( j ) \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^\infty \frac{a^{m+n-1}}{r^m(r+a)^n} & = & \displaystyle \sum_{j=2}^m (-1)^{m-j}{\textstyle\binom{m+n-j-1}{n-1}}a^{j-1}\zeta(j) + (-1)^m \sum_{j=2}^n {\textstyle\binom{m+n-j-1}{m-1}}a^{j-1}\zeta(j) \\ & & \displaystyle + (-1)^{m+1}\sum_{j=1}^n \textstyle{\binom{m+n-j-1}{m-1}}H^{(j)}_a \end{array} for all positive integers m , n , a m,n,a .

Thus the first of the two terms (my version of the formula) can be expressed in terms of rational multiples of Zeta functions and products of pairs of Zeta functions.

The second term of the formulae will be expressible in terms of the sums r = 1 H r + a r b r = 1 H r + a ( r + a ) n \sum_{r=1}^\infty \frac{H_{r+a}}{r^b} \qquad \qquad \sum_{r=1}^\infty \frac{H_{r+a}}{(r+a)^n} which (after another dose of partial fractions) can be written in terms of Euler sums and Zeta functions, as I thought.

Pushing this all through, and getting a nice closed expression for the integral is still a major undertaking in combinatorics!

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings What you did with Partial Fractions is remarkable! Has it been done before, or what we have here is a new result?

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh I don't know, but I would be very surprised if it were original. All I did was to work it out by hand for m = 1 m=1 , and then (inductively) work out the result for m = 2 , 3 m=2,3 , at which point I guessed the pattern (and then wasted a lot of time finding the easiest expression for the pattern), and proved it by induction. There are plenty of people out there who are much better at combinatorics than I am, and I am sure the question has been asked before!

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings Nevertheless, it is interesting and beautiful. Is there a way to know whether it is original? (I'm asking since the paper you provided didn't derive a closed form and even their method was different than mine).

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

@Mark Hennings @Mark Hennings Also, won't the method (of taking partial fractions) for the second summation (involving H_n) be exactly similar as for the first? If yes, then we'd have a beautiful closed form. So why did you say that "it is still a major undertaking in combinatorics" ?

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh It depends on what we are prepared to be satisfied with. I guess we could push this through, and end up with an expression involving about six complicated sums (some of them double sums).

I would not regard this as an elegant closed form without some tidying. It ought/might well be possible to simplify/combine these sums, and end up with a neater expression. As previously mentioned, it would be nice if the final formula was visibly symmetric in p p and q q (my notation), for example. Tidying up the elements of the sums would be quite a challenge!

I will have a shot at getting an expression, and seeing whether it will tidy up (you are right in that the same partial fraction result can be reused).

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings Okay. Meanwhile I'll also try that.

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh I am almost there, I think (although I have gone back to the recurrence relations in places, and don't need the full-blown partial fractions result). I will keep you posted.

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings @Mark Hennings Thanks. Looking forward to it.

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh OK, I have a formula which works (I am still checking it against the results in the Freitas paper I linked to, but all is well so far). The various coefficients are at worst finite sums of binomial coefficients and harmonic numbers.

Since I cannot find a reference to a concrete formula, it may be that this could be published. Therefore I do not think it is sensible to post the result here just yet (anyway, my solution runs to about 7 A4 pages of typescript), since that would just make the result public! I have e-mailed Prof. Freitas (one of whose areas of specialism is Special Functions) to ask if this result is new. If it isn't, I will simply post the result. If it is, we will have to think about publication.

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings That is awesome! Hope Prof. Freitas sends good news :)

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

@Ishan Singh If I can make it work, it is certainly different. Whether it is new is another matter. I would have to try to find out. First things first, though.

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

Awesome and that is an understatement.

Ashish Menon - 5 years ago
Mark Hennings
May 8, 2016

According to this paper , we have 0 1 x L i 4 ( x ) 2 d x = 361 256 59 64 ζ ( 2 ) 3 32 ζ ( 3 ) + 19 32 ζ ( 4 ) 1 4 ζ ( 2 ) ζ ( 3 ) 3 8 ζ ( 5 ) + 7 16 ζ ( 6 ) + 1 4 ζ ( 3 ) 2 1 2 ζ ( 3 ) ζ ( 4 ) + 7 12 ζ ( 8 ) = 361 256 59 384 π 2 3 32 ζ ( 3 ) + 19 2880 π 4 1 24 π 2 ζ ( 3 ) 3 8 ζ ( 5 ) + 1 2160 π 6 + 1 4 ζ ( 3 ) 2 1 180 π 4 ζ ( 3 ) + 1 16200 π 8 \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle \int_0^1 x \mathrm{Li}_4(x)^2\,dx & =& \displaystyle \tfrac{361}{256} - \tfrac{59}{64}\zeta(2) - \tfrac{3}{32}\zeta(3) + \tfrac{19}{32}\zeta(4) - \tfrac{1}{4}\zeta(2)\zeta(3) \\ & & {} \displaystyle - \tfrac38\zeta(5) + \tfrac{7}{16}\zeta(6) + \tfrac14\zeta(3)^2 - \tfrac12\zeta(3)\zeta(4) + \tfrac{7}{12}\zeta(8) \\ & = & \tfrac{361}{256} - \tfrac{59}{384}\pi^2 - \tfrac{3}{32}\zeta(3) + \tfrac{19}{2880}\pi^4 - \tfrac{1}{24}\pi^2\zeta(3) \\ & & {} -\tfrac38\zeta(5) + \tfrac{1}{2160}\pi^6 + \tfrac14\zeta(3)^2 - \tfrac{1}{180}\pi^4\zeta(3) + \tfrac{1}{16200}\pi^8 \end{array} Mathematica confirms this answer numerically to 50 50 decimal places.

Thus we have A = 361 A=361 , B = 256 B=256 , C = 59 C=59 , D = 2 D=2 , E = 384 E=384 , F = 3 F=3 , G = 32 G=32 , H = 3 H=3 , I = 19 I=19 , J = 4 J=4 , K = 2880 K=2880 , L = 2 L=2 , M = 24 M=24 , N = 3 N=3 , O = 3 O=3 , P = 8 P=8 , Q = 5 Q=5 , R = 1 R=1 , S = 6 S=6 , T = 2160 T=2160 , U = 2 U=2 , V = 3 V=3 , W = 4 W=4 , X = 4 X=4 , Y = 180 Y=180 , Z = 3 Z=3 , α = 1 \alpha=1 , β = 8 \beta=8 , γ = 16200 \gamma = 16200 , making the answer 22620 \boxed{22620} .

@Mark Hennings ,we really liked your comment, and have converted it into a solution. If you subscribe to this solution, you will receive notifications about future comments.

Brilliant Mathematics Staff - 5 years, 1 month ago

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This is not the complete solution. I want someone to post the complete solution. Please can you delete it?

Aditya Kumar - 5 years, 1 month ago

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I am afraid that it is a complete solution. Using what has already been discovered is part of any scientific endeavour. I could type out a number of recurrence relations from the paper, which between them are sufficient to calculate the integral, but these formulae are already well-expressed in this paper, and I have provided a link so that the interested can read them.

You and @Ishan Singh have alternative solutions; let us see one of them!

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

I have an original proof of this. (Although I haven't seen what's in the paper, may or may not be the same method)

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh The paper uses integration by parts to consider the integrals J ( m , p , q ) = 0 1 x m L i p ( x ) L i q ( x ) d x J(m,p,q) \; = \; \int_0^1 x^m \mathrm{Li}_p(x) \mathrm{Li}_q(x)\,dx and uses integration by parts (integrate x m x^m , differentiate L i p ( x ) L i q ( x ) \mathrm{Li}_p(x)\,\mathrm{Li}_q(x) ) to find a recurrence relation J ( m , p , q ) = 1 m + 1 [ ζ ( p ) ζ ( q ) J ( m , p 1 , q ) J ( m , p , q 1 ) ] J(m,p,q) \; =\; \frac{1}{m+1}\big[ \zeta(p)\zeta(q) - J(m,p-1,q) - J(m,p,q-1)\big] for m 0 m \ge 0 and p , q 2 p,q \ge 2 which enables us to express J ( m , p , q ) J(m,p,q) in terms of zeta functions and the integrals of the form J ( m , 1 , r ) J(m,1,r) .

It then uses different integration by parts strategies to define more recurrence relations which enable the integrals J ( m , 1 , q ) = 0 1 x m ln ( 1 x ) L i q ( x ) d x J(m,1,q) \; = \; -\int_0^1 x^m \ln(1-x) \mathrm{Li}_q(x)\,dx to be evaluated. To begin with, see what happens if you integrate ln ( 1 x ) \ln(1-x) and differentiate x m L i q ( x ) x^m\mathrm{Li}_q(x) .

Is this your technique?

Mark Hennings - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Mark Hennings I have posted my method. Would you mind checking it out?

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

@Ishan Singh You are obligated to post a proof! =D

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 1 month ago

What was your method?

Ishan Singh - 5 years, 1 month ago

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@Ishan Singh My method was same as that of Mark Hennings. I used the recurrance relation to evaluate it.

Aditya Kumar - 5 years, 1 month ago

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