If
k
=
0
∑
9
9
(
k
9
9
)
is divided by
k
=
0
∑
3
3
(
3
k
9
9
)
,
the
resulting number is of the form
\large{\dfrac{a}{b}} \dot \large {\dfrac{c^d}{(e^f-1)}},
where
a
,
b
,
c
,
e
are prime numbers. Evaluate
a
+
b
+
c
+
d
+
e
+
f
−
1
.
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A nice solution... +1 .
@Akeel Howell Note that your final form is not unique, since we could have multiple versions for e f + g , like e = 2 , f = 9 7 , g = e 9 7 − 1 .
Can you figure out how to make it unique? I think the simplest way is to give the value of g = − 1 .
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Thanks for mentioning that. I added the parameter that g must be < 0 .
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Just having g < 0 is not sufficient either. For example, we could have e = 2 , f = 9 8 , g = 2 9 7 + 1 (excuse any calculation errors).
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@Calvin Lin – I'm failing to see how setting e = 2 , f = 9 8 , g = 2 9 7 + 1 fixes it. This changes the value of the expression and makes g a positive integer.
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@Akeel Howell – Oh sorry, I meant to say e = 2 , f = 9 9 , g = − ( 2 9 8 + 1 ) is also a possibility. Was looking at the wrong indices.
Other possibilities include e = p , f = N > 9 8 lo g p 2 , g = − ( e f − 2 9 8 + 1 ) for any prime number p and integer N .
\\ \large\displaystyle \sum^{99}_{k=0}\dbinom{99}{k} = (1+1)^{99} = (2)^{99} \\ \large\displaystyle\sum^{33}_{k=0}\dbinom{99}{3k} = \dfrac{(1+1)^{99}+(1+\omega)^{99}+(1+\omega^2)^{99}}{3}, \text{ where } \omega \text{ is a third root of unity } \\ = \dfrac{2^{99}+(-\omega^2)^{99}+(-\omega)^{99}}{3} = \dfrac{(2^{99}-1-1)}{3} = \dfrac{(2^{99}-2)}{3} = \dfrac{2(2^{98}-1)}{3} \\ \therefore \large\displaystyle \sum^{99}_{k=0}\dbinom{99}{k} \text{divided by } \large\displaystyle\sum^{33}_{k=0}\dbinom{99}{3k} = \dfrac{3\times 2^{99}}{2\times (2^{98}-1)} = \large{\dfrac{3}{2}} \dot \large {\dfrac{2^{99}}{(2^{98}-1)}}. \\ \text{So } a = 3, b = 2, c = 2, d = 99, e = 2, f = 98 \implies 3+2+2+99+2+98-1 = \boxed{205}
Note: We do not simplify the final term any further to preserve the form of the solution in the problem. 1 is not a prime number.
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We know ( 1 + x ) 9 9 = ( 0 9 9 ) + ( 1 9 9 ) x + ( 2 9 9 ) x 2 + ( 3 9 9 ) x 3 + . . . . . . . + ( 9 9 9 9 ) x 9 9
Put x = 1 we get k = 0 ∑ 9 9 ( k 9 9 ) = ( 1 + 1 ) 9 9 = 2 9 9 = ( 0 9 9 ) + ( 1 9 9 ) + ( 2 9 9 ) + ( 3 9 9 ) + . . . . . . . + ( 9 9 9 9 )
Put x = ω then ( 1 + ω ) 9 9 = ( 0 9 9 ) + ( 1 9 9 ) ω + ( 2 9 9 ) ω 2 + ( 3 9 9 ) . 1 + . . . . . . . + ( 9 9 9 9 ) . 1
Now put x = ω 2 then ( 1 + ω 2 ) 9 9 = ( 0 9 9 ) + ( 1 9 9 ) ω 2 + ( 2 9 9 ) ω + ( 3 9 9 ) . 1 + . . . . . . . + ( 9 9 9 9 ) . 1
Adding these three equations we get:
3 k = 0 ∑ 3 3 ( 3 k 9 9 ) = 2 9 9 + ( 1 + ω ) 9 9 + ( 1 + ω 2 ) 9 9 = 2 9 9 + ( − ω 2 ) 9 9 + ( − ω ) 9 9 = 2 9 9 − 1 − 1 = 2 9 9 − 2 ⟹ k = 0 ∑ 3 3 ( 3 k 9 9 ) = 3 2 9 9 − 2
After dividing 2 9 9 − 2 3 . 2 9 9 = 2 3 2 9 8 − 1 2 9 9
Note ω is the cube roots of unity and 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0