That's a Parabola!

Geometry Level 5

Consider a Parabola

y = x 2 4 y = \frac{x^{2}}{4}

With vertex 'O'

And a point F(0 , 1)

Let B 1 ( x 1 , y 1 ) , B 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) B n ( x n , y n ) B_1( x_1 , y_1 ) , B_2( x_2 , y_2 ) \ldots B_n( x_n , y_n )

are 'n' points on the Parabola

Such that x k > 0 x_k > 0 and

O F B k = k π 2 n \displaystyle \angle OFB_k = \frac{ k \pi}{2n} ( k = 1, 2, 3 \ldots , n)

Then find the value of

lim n 1 n k = 1 n F B k \lim_{ n \to \infty } \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} FB_k

upto 3 decimal place


The answer is 1.273.

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1 solution

Let θ = O F B \theta = \angle OFB where B ( x , x 2 4 ) B(x, \frac{x^{2}}{4}) lies on the given parabola and let L L be the length of F B FB . We want to find an expression for L L in terms of θ \theta ,

Then x = L sin ( θ ) x = L\sin(\theta) and, since L L is the distance between F ( 0 , 1 ) F(0,1) and B B , we have that

L 2 = x 2 + ( 1 x 2 4 ) 2 = x 4 16 + x 2 2 + 1 = ( 1 16 ) ( x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16 ) = ( 1 16 ) ( x 2 + 4 ) 2 L^{2} = x^{2} + (1 - \frac{x^{2}}{4})^{2} = \frac{x^{4}}{16} + \frac{x^{2}}{2} + 1 = (\frac{1}{16})(x^{4} + 8x^{2} + 16) = (\frac{1}{16})(x^{2} + 4)^{2} ,

and so L = ( 1 4 ) ( x 2 + 4 ) L = (\frac{1}{4})(x^{2} + 4) . Now substitute in x = L sin ( θ ) x = L\sin(\theta) to find that

4 L = L 2 sin 2 ( θ ) + 4 L 2 sin 2 ( θ ) 4 L + 4 = 0 4L = L^{2}\sin^{2}(\theta) + 4 \Longrightarrow L^{2}\sin^{2}(\theta) - 4L + 4 = 0 .

Now use the quadratic equation to find that

L = 4 ± 16 16 sin 2 ( θ ) 2 sin 2 ( θ ) = 2 ± 2 cos ( θ ) 1 cos 2 ( θ ) = 2 1 + cos ( θ ) = sec 2 ( θ 2 ) L = \dfrac{4 \pm \sqrt{16 - 16\sin^{2}(\theta)}}{2\sin^{2}(\theta)} = \dfrac{2 \pm 2\cos(\theta)}{1 - \cos^{2}(\theta)} = \dfrac{2}{1 + \cos(\theta)} = \sec^{2}(\frac{\theta}{2}) ,

where I took the negative root so that L = 1 L = 1 for θ = 0 \theta = 0 . So the limit we are looking at is of the form

S = lim n 1 n k = 1 n sec 2 ( k π 4 n ) S = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \dfrac{1}{n} \displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^{n} \sec^{2}(\frac{k\pi}{4n}) .

Now I haven't seen the sum of s e c 2 ( θ ) sec^{2}(\theta) before so I had to resort to using WolframAlpha to determine this limit numerically to obtain a value of S = 1.2733 S = \boxed{1.2733} to 4 4 decimal places.

This summation can be done using limit as a sum (changing summation to integration)

In this we replace 1 n \frac{1}{n} by 'dx'

k n \frac{k}{n} by x

For limits of integral we divide limits of summation by 'n' with n n \to \infty

By this lower limit is 0 and upper becomes 1

We finally will get

0 1 s e c 2 ( x π 4 ) d x = 4 π \int_{0}^{1} sec^{2}(\frac{x \pi}{4}) dx = \boxed{\frac{4}{\pi}}

Krishna Sharma - 6 years, 7 months ago

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Exactly !! This question was asked in my Review Test !!

Deepanshu Gupta - 6 years, 7 months ago

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Have you solved this problem in your test? :D

Krishna Sharma - 6 years, 7 months ago

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@Krishna Sharma Yes I did !

Deepanshu Gupta - 6 years, 7 months ago

Oh, goodness, that integral was staring me right in the face; I plead exhaustion for not seeing it. :) Great question, Krishna. My first attempt was just to calculate 0 2 ( 1 x 2 4 ) d x \int_{0}^2 (1 - \frac{x^{2}}{4}) dx , which came out to 4 3 \frac{4}{3} ; close, but wrong, (I was feeling lazy).

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 7 months ago

Great problem and solution! I really regretted goofing it :-(

Imgur Imgur

A minor time saver to reach L could be to use L = distance of point from directrix (y = -1) as shown in the figure giving L = 1 + y.

also, y = 1 L cos θ y = 1 - L\cos \theta L = 1 + 1 L cos θ L = 1 + 1 - L\cos \theta L = 2 1 + cos θ = sec 2 θ 2 L = \frac{2}{1 + \cos \theta} = \sec^2 \frac{\theta}{2}

Ujjwal Rane - 6 years, 7 months ago

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Yes, that is a real time-saver; elegantly done. When I worked on the problem initially I was wondering how to make use of the fact that F ( 0 , 1 ) F(0,1) was the focus of the parabola, and now you've shown us how that can be done. Thank you. :)

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 7 months ago

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Kind of you to say that Brian, but that was perhaps as far as I could go. The integral just baffled me :-)

Ujjwal Rane - 6 years, 7 months ago

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@Ujjwal Rane did the same.

Ashutosh Sharma - 3 years, 5 months ago

Hey I used Reimann Sums to get that sum! It didnt required calc!

Md Zuhair - 3 years, 2 months ago

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