The H is silent again

Calculus Level 2

We know that lim x 0 sin x x = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{x\to0} \dfrac{ \sin x}x = 1 . Is it also true that lim x 0 sinh x x = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{x\to0} \dfrac{ \sinh x}x = 1 ?

No, it is not true Yes, it is true

This section requires Javascript.
You are seeing this because something didn't load right. We suggest you, (a) try refreshing the page, (b) enabling javascript if it is disabled on your browser and, finally, (c) loading the non-javascript version of this page . We're sorry about the hassle.

2 solutions

展豪 張
Jun 12, 2016

sin x = e i x e i x 2 i \sin x=\dfrac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2i}
sinh x = e x e x 2 \sinh x=\dfrac{e^x-e^{-x}}2
So sinh ( i x ) = i sin x \sinh(ix)=i\sin x
lim x 0 sinh x x = lim x 0 sinh i x i x = lim x 0 i sin x i x = 1 \displaystyle\lim_{x\to0}\dfrac{\sinh x}{x}=\lim_{x\to0}\dfrac{\sinh ix}{ix}=\lim_{x\to0}\dfrac{i\sin x}{ix}=1

Hahah I should have added a constraint of "pretend you don't know complex numbers". +1

Pi Han Goh - 5 years ago

Log in to reply

Then I have to use series expansion or L'Hopital's rule, like what @Guillermo Templado did! ;)

展豪 張 - 5 years ago

Log in to reply

you're not on slack anyway? I sent you a message last time and I didn't get any response....

Pi Han Goh - 5 years ago

Log in to reply

@Pi Han Goh I closed the tab and could not find where I can open it again......(I am I.T. idiot............)

展豪 張 - 5 years ago

Log in to reply

Log in to reply

@Pi Han Goh Thanks man! Wait...I have forgotten my password...I am resetting it. See ya on slack! ;)

展豪 張 - 5 years ago

I'm going to write·3 proofs, please if someone has some doubt or whishes a longer explanation or see some mistake in any poof, tell me...

1.- lim x 0 sinh x x = lim x 0 e x e x 2 x = \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\text{sinh x}}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2x} = (Now, use MacLaurin series : e x e^x ~ 1 + x 1 + x as x 0 x \to 0 ) lim x 0 2 x 2 x = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2x}{2x} = 1 2.- Use L'Hôpital's Rule : lim x 0 sinh x x = lim x 0 cosh x 1 = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\text{sinh x}}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\text{cosh x}}{1} = 1 3.- Use Taylor polynomial at x = 0 .

Let x > 0 x > 0 , and f ( x ) = e x = 1 x 0 0 ! + 1 x 1 1 ! + e c x 2 2 ! = 1 + x + e c x 2 2 f(x) = e^x = \frac{1x^0}{0!} + \frac{1x^1}{1!} + \frac{e^c \cdot x^2}{2!} = 1 + x + \frac{e^c \cdot x^2}{2} with c ( 0 , x ) c \in (0,x) ( c c is a constant depending on x x ) . And let g ( x ) = e x = 1 x + e d x 2 2 g(x) = e^{-x} = 1 - x + \frac{e^d \cdot x^2}{2} with d ( x , 0 ) d \in (-x,0) ( d d is a constant depending on x x ). Then, lim x 0 sinh x x = lim x 0 e x e x 2 x = \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\text{sinh x}}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2x} = = lim x 0 1 + x + e c x 2 2 1 + x e d x 2 2 2 x = = \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 + x + \frac{e^c \cdot x^2}{2} - 1 + x - \frac{e^d \cdot x^2}{2}}{2x} = = lim x 0 2 x + ( e c e d ) x 2 2 2 x = = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2x + \frac{(e^c - e^d)x^2}{2}}{2x} = (Divide now numerator and denomitor by x) = lim x 0 2 + ( e c e d ) x 2 2 = 1 = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 + \frac{(e^c - e^d)x}{2}}{2} = 1

Your first proof and third proof are the same. We essentially want to find the Maclaurin series (a Taylor series at centered at x=0) of sinh x \sinh x .

Pi Han Goh - 5 years ago

Log in to reply

Yes, that is exactly what I meant. MacLaurin series of sinh x \text{sinh x} is n = 1 x 2 n 1 ( 2 n 1 ) ! \displaystyle \sum_{ n = 1}^\infty \frac{x^{2n -1}}{(2n - 1)!} which radius of convergence is \infty and we can use it in 1 or 3, or we can make a fourth proof equivalent to these(1 and 3)

Guillermo Templado - 5 years ago

0 pending reports

×

Problem Loading...

Note Loading...

Set Loading...