They look similar...(3)

Algebra Level 1

According to the exponent tower rule , x ( x x ) = ( x x ) x x^{(x^x)} = (x^x)^x is generally not true. However, this equality holds for some x > 0. x>0.

What is the sum of all such x x 's?


The answer is 3.

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12 solutions

Sebas Romero
Oct 13, 2018

You can use logarithms.

x ( x x ) = ( x x ) x x x log x = x log ( x x ) x x log x = x 2 log x . x^{(x^x)}={(x^x)}^x\\x^x\log x=x\log(x^x)\\ x^x\log x=x^2\log x.

If x = 1 , log x x = 1 = 0 x=1,\,\log x|_{x=1}=0 . Supposing that x 1 x\neq 1 , where x = 1 x=1 is one of the possible solutions, we have that

x x = x 2 x log x = 2 log x x = 2. x^x=x^2\Rightarrow x\log x=2\log x\Rightarrow x=2.

Adding the solutions, we have that the answer of this question is S = 1 + 2 = 3 . S=1+2=\boxed{3}.

Johanan Paul
Oct 22, 2018

Plotting y x = x y y^x = x^y and y = x x y = x^x produces only two solutions which can be quickly verified -- namely x = 1 and x = 2.

Hence the solution is 3.

I know non-graphical solutions tend to be more popular, but this is arguably a much easier way to solve it, so I prefer it.

Joseph Adams - 2 years, 7 months ago

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Though I would like to know why you plotted x = y

Joseph Adams - 2 years, 7 months ago

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Never mind. I hadn't grasped that some equations plot more than 1 line.

Joseph Adams - 2 years, 7 months ago
Blan Morrison
Oct 10, 2018

x ( x x ) = ( x x ) x x^{(x^x)}=\left(x^x\right)^x x x x = x x 2 \implies x^{x^x}=x^{x^2} log x x x x = log x x x 2 { log x x x x = log x x x 2 x 0 , 1 save for later x = 0 , 1 \log_{x}x^{x^x}=\log_{x}x^{x^2} \begin{cases} \log_{x}x^{x^x}=\log_{x}x^{x^2} & ~x\not=0,~1 \\ \text{save for later} & ~x=0,~1 \\ \end{cases} x x = x 2 \implies x^x=x^2 \vdots x = 2 \implies x=2

Now, take the two cases we excluded from the solution earlier and plug in 1 for x x : 1 1 1 = 1 1 2 1^{1^1}=1^{1^2} 1 = 1 1=1

0 0 0^0 is undefined, so there's no point in checking. This gives the solution 1 + 2 = 3 1+2=3 β ~\beta_{\lceil \mid \rceil}

How do you know that the only 2 solutions to the last equation are x = 1 , 2 x = 1, 2 ?

It would be better to take logs again, which makes this deduction obvious.

Calvin Lin Staff - 2 years, 7 months ago

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I'm trying to think of a way to rigorously derive 1 as a solution. However, if we use logarithms, log x x ; x = 1 \log_{x}{x};~x=1 is undefined.

Blan Morrison - 2 years, 7 months ago

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That's great that you caught that! Most would have ignored it when using log x \log_x .
So, just deal with that case separately :)


Alternatively, take a constant base like x log 10 x = 2 log 10 x x \log_{10} x = 2 \log_{10} x .


Note: Actually when going from the second line to the third line, you already needed x = 1 x = 1 to be a separate case.

Calvin Lin Staff - 2 years, 7 months ago

Note: Be very careful with the implication signs. For example, it is not true that x x x = x x 2 x 1 x^{x^x}=x^{x^2} \implies x \neq 1 . The better way to write this up is to say "If x 1 x \neq 1 , then apply log x ( ) \log_x ( \cdot) .... " (Note that x = 0 x = 0 has been disallowed by the question).

I don't think the third line follows from the second line right? Or at least, you wanted the third line to be log x x ( x x ) = log x x ( x 2 ) \log_x x^{(x^x)}= \log_x x^{(x^2)} .

Calvin Lin Staff - 2 years, 7 months ago

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Ah, yes; thank you for pointing out the typo.

I rephrased the explanation after the first section to indicate that 1 is a special case that was saved for later. I also used the double arrow (which is "if and only if") to indicate that the equation is true when x x isn't 1 or 0. I figured that would have the same meaning as your suggestion, just without any words.

Blan Morrison - 2 years, 7 months ago

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That's incorrect usage of implication arrows. What you want to say is

x x x = x x 2 { log x x x x = log x x x 2 x 0 , 1 figure this out x = 0 , 1 x^{x^x}=x^{x^2} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} \log_{x}x^{x^x}=\log_{x}x^{x^2} & ~x\not=0,~1 \\ \text{figure this out} & x = 0, 1 \\ \end{cases}

You could use the "union" symbol, though at that point things are just too messy and words are better.

Calvin Lin Staff - 2 years, 7 months ago

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@Calvin Lin I believe it is done. Sorry for the confusion.

Blan Morrison - 2 years, 7 months ago
Abraham Zhang
Oct 21, 2018

x x x = ( x x ) x = x x 2 x x = x 2 x = 1 , 2 \begin{aligned} x^{x^x}&=(x^x)^x=x^{x^2} \\ x^x&=x^2 \\ x&=1,2 \end{aligned}

Therefore, the sum of all x x 's is 3 3 .

Most simplest solution...

Syed Hamza Khalid - 2 years, 7 months ago

While it is certainly easy to identify that x = 1 , 2 x=1,2 are the solutions to x x = x 2 x^x = x^2 , but is there a conclusive way to prove that there are no other solutions (besides 1 and 2)?

Pi Han Goh - 2 years, 7 months ago

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Blan's solution seems like a conclusive proof.

Abraham Zhang - 2 years, 7 months ago

x^(x-2)=1 Then either x-2=0 or x=1

Mr. India - 2 years, 7 months ago

Best solution.I wanted to post but don't know how to write x^x like that :(

Mr. India - 2 years, 7 months ago
Alex Jones
Oct 28, 2018

By the Desmos Theorem, the answer is 3.

Swapnil Sharma
Oct 27, 2018

If we observe then 1 holds.now if we do x^x^x=(x^x)^×then we get x^x^x=x^x^2.by comparing we get x=2.any thing greater than 2 will no hold.so sum of such x=1+2=3

Vivek Sharma
Oct 23, 2018

Using common logic the condition can be satisfied only for the first two prime numbers and this can be easily be proved with logarithms When the equation is solved for x in the power the X =2 and then checking with x=1 also satisfies the condition... So 1+2= 3

Note that x x does have to be an integer, it can be any real number. How do you know there is no non-integer solution?

Pranshu Gaba - 2 years, 7 months ago
San Seng
Oct 23, 2018

Just intuition 😬

Scott Douglas
Oct 23, 2018

I don't see why x = -1 is not also a solution? So, why is it not 3 + 1 + (-1) = 2?

Oh, duh, it specifies "x > 0". Sigh.

Scott Douglas - 2 years, 7 months ago
Vinod Kumar
Oct 23, 2018

+1, -1 and 2 satisfy the criterion, therefore, 3=2+1 is the answer.

Answer=3

But how do you know that there's no other solution?

Pi Han Goh - 2 years, 7 months ago
Muhammad Adnan
Oct 22, 2018

Since x>0 the only two possibilities are 1 and 2, hence their sum is 3 Apart from using logarithms and other solutions mentioned here, try plotting their graph and see the points of intersection for +be x........ just for fun:)

I don't understand. 10 fits the criteria why not add it to 3

Trevor Boggs - 2 years, 7 months ago

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How does 10 fit the criteria? ( 1 0 10 ) 10 = 1 0 100 (10 ^{10})^{10} = 10^{100} which has just 101 digits, whereas 1 0 ( 1 0 10 ) 10^{(10^{10})} has 10 billion digits!

Pranshu Gaba - 2 years, 7 months ago
Alcides Ko
Oct 21, 2018

At first we shall take 1 as the possible value of x
So x=1
x^x^x=1^1^1=1;. x^x x=1^1 1=1;
If x=2;
x^x^x=2^2^2=2^4. 16.
x^x x=2^2 2=2^4=16
And if x=3
Then 3^3^3 is not equal to 3^3*3 hence
There is only 2 possible values of x that is 1 and 2 therefore there sum is 1+2 =3







Hmmm, it seems that you have only tested for x = 1 , 2 , 3 x=1,2,3 . Maybe there could exists a non-integer x x that also satisfies this equation?

Pi Han Goh - 2 years, 7 months ago

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