ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( x ) ) ) ) ) is ( a , ∞ ) , solve for a .
If the domain of the functionNote :
e is a mathematical constant which approximates to 2 . 7 1 8 2 8 .
We denote the tetration notation: n e = n number of times e e e . . . e
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@brian charlesworth Actually I didn't understand what you tried to point out before. Please can you explain ? Or just tell me where I had a mistake.
Thank you :)
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The question was worded quite differently before; it resulted in a domain error, since the answer would have required a calculation of ln ( 0 ) . You can check out the dispute section for a discussion on how the original question needed to be rephrased. There was a series of comments after Trevor's solution relating to this as well, but those seem to have disappeared, (at least for me).
Nice solution, by the way. :)
I just reverse-engineered it starting from the limiting case:
ln ( 0 ) = ln ( ln ( 1 ) ) = ln ( ln ( ln ( e ) ) ) = ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( e e ) ) ) ) = ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( e e e ) ) ) ) ) ⇒ a = e e e
Great job! Can you generalize this for n ln ( x ) , where the logarithmic function is composites itself n times?
Nice, this is similar to my solution but yours is much easier to understand.
The smallest value of x in ln ( x ) is \color \green{0} .
Thus \ln(\ln(x)), \ln(x)=0\Longrightarrow x=e^{\color \green{0}}=\color \red{1}
\ln(\ln(\ln(x)))\Longrightarrow \ln(\ln(x))=0 \Longrightarrow \ln(x)=1 \Longrightarrow x=e^{\color \red{1}}=e
Notice the pattern: e to the power of the answer to the previous line (shown by the colors). When there are 3 natural logs. We have x = e . When there are 4, x = e e
Thus when there are 5. Our answer will be e^e^e
We can approach this value of x , but if we were to just plug in this value then there would be a domain error on the last ln calculation, since we would be attempting to calculate ln ( 0 ) . So technically, of the options provided, e e e e is the least number that will yield a real value for the given expression. There is in fact no smallest real value; if we let x = e e e + α for α > 0 then as we let α → 0 from the right then the given function will yield a more and more negative value, but as there is no "least value" for α > 0 there can be no least value for the given expression. So for this reason I chose e e e e .
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Hmm. You do have a point there, lol, I never thought of that. You really never miss a detail.
Could you report it please?
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Okie dokie; all done. I'm glad I had your blessing to dispute your question, otherwise I would never have done so. :)
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@Brian Charlesworth – Haha, I'm the same way. I tend to either talk it over with some of my friends on brilliant or with the problem creator before reporting it.
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@Trevor Arashiro – try replacing "is a real number" to "is a positive number"
@Trevor Arashiro – I've proposed a second remedy in the dispute section that just might do the trick. See what you think. :)
The notation ( α , ∞ ) refers to an open interval, which means that the terms on the left and right are not included in the interval
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Yes, I realize that. I was responding to a previous wording of the question, which would have led to a domain error, since it would have required the calculation of ln ( 0 ) , an impossibility. The present wording came at my suggestion, as documented in the dispute section to this question.
Ah dang, was fooled by the open parenthesis on ( a , ∞ )
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The argument of ln ( x ) should be positive :
= > ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( x ) ) ) ) > 0
e x is strictly increasing :
= > e ln ( ln ( ln ( ln ( x ) ) ) ) > e 0
= > ln ( ln ( ln ( x ) ) ) > 1
Repeating the process:
= > e ln ( ln ( ln ( x ) ) ) > e 1
= > ln ( ln ( x ) ) > e
Again:
= > l n ( x ) > e e
= > x > e e e