Let the three sides of a triangle be integers
a
,
b
,
c
respectively, satisfying
a
>
b
>
c
and
f
(
1
0
4
3
a
)
=
f
(
1
0
4
3
b
)
=
f
(
1
0
4
3
c
)
where
f
(
x
)
=
x
−
⌊
x
⌋
. Find the minimum perimeter of such a triangle.
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First I found out that
3 4 = 1 ( m o d 1 0 )
and
3 4 × 5 = 3 2 0 = 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 ) .
So, I concluded that
3 2 0 × 5 = 3 1 0 0 = 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 )
3 1 0 0 × 5 = 3 5 0 0 = 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 )
which I found out is true.
So I got the answers 5 0 1 , 1 0 0 1 , and 1 5 0 1
Is this a special property of powers of 3 ?
Thanks.
Well, unforunately that pattern doesn't continue, since 3 2 5 0 0 ≡ 5 0 0 0 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 0 ) .
There is a theorem by Euler in number theory, which says that for positive integers a , n , if g c d ( a , n ) = 1 , then a ϕ ( n ) ≡ 1 ( m o d n ) . Here, ϕ ( n ) is the number of numbers in the set { 1 , 2 , . . . , n − 1 } which are relatively prime to n .
In this case, we have a = 3 and n a power of 10, so they are relatively prime. It's easy to calculate ϕ ( n ) if you know the prime factorization of n . As it turns out, ϕ ( 1 0 ) = 4 , ϕ ( 1 0 0 ) = 4 0 , ϕ ( 1 0 0 0 ) = 4 0 0 , ϕ ( 1 0 0 0 0 ) = 4 0 0 0 , and so on.
So we have 3 4 ≡ 1 ( m o d 1 0 ) , 3 4 0 0 0 ≡ 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) , etc.
Now if our task is to find the smallest power of 3 which gives 1 mod 10000, this theorem would tell us that the smallest power is a factor of 4000 (and similarly if we're looking mod 1 0 k , the smallest power is a factor of 4 ∗ 1 0 k − 1 ). After that, it's pretty much just guess and check, as far as I know.
You have made a mistake somewhere, (1500, 1000, 500) satisfies the conditions and the perimeter is 3000.
The triangle inequality is an strict inequality. If you draw something with those side lengths, you will have a line.
A line is totally a triangle :p Yeah that was dumb of me.
Small note: you may write \pmod x or \pmod{x} if x has more than a character in order to pretty print it like this: ( m o d 5 0 0 )
Oh, thanks!
What I make out of this problem is we've to find 3 integers a>b>c s.t 3 a = 3 b = 3 c ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) Now we can find 3 1 2 4 = 3 1 3 3 = 3 1 9 7 = 8 9 2 8 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) so a=197 b=133 c=124 and answer=454 ) Please point out where I'm wrong
According to WolframAlpha, 3 1 2 4 ≡ 8 4 8 1 , 3 1 3 3 ≡ 1 5 2 3 , and 3 1 9 7 ≡ 4 9 6 3 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) . You've made mistakes somewhere in your calculations.
I know that your calculations are wrong because if 3 1 2 4 ≡ 3 1 3 3 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) , then this would imply that 3 9 ≡ 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) . However 3 9 = 1 9 6 8 3 , which is not 1 mod 10000.
The numbers a , b , c have to be at least 500 apart, since 500 is the smallest power of 3 which is 1 mod 10000.
Oh sorry my bad. Infact any power of 3 (mod 10000) could not have 8 in unit place..Don't know why this site gives this sort of results.
@Jayanta Mandi – I tried to calculate these things with python and JavaScript, in both cases it ends up giving wrong digits after 3 3 3 . I think the site is also a victim of this overflow.
We can get that the least number n such that 3 n ≡ 1 ( m o d 1 0 0 0 0 ) is 500 (n is called the primitive root of 10000) using the Carmichael's function. It's a pretty neat theorem so you should definitely check it out :D
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L e m m a : Suppose we have two positive integers x , y such that
f ( 1 0 4 3 x ) = f ( 1 0 4 3 y ) . I say that this implies x ≡ y ( m o d . 5 0 0 ) .
P r o o f : Let m , n be the remainders when 3 x , 3 y are divided by 1 0 4 respectively. Then we can write 3 x = q 1 1 0 4 + m and 3 y = q 2 1 0 4 + n for some positive integers q 1 , q 2 , such that 0 ≤ m , n < 1 0 4 . Therefore,
f ( 1 0 4 3 x ) = f ( q 1 + 1 0 4 m ) = ( q 1 + 1 0 4 m ) − q 1 = 1 0 4 m
Similarly,
f ( 1 0 4 3 y ) = 1 0 4 n
Since those two quantities were assumed to be equal, then we must have m = n . Thus, 3 x ≡ 3 y ( m o d . 1 0 4 ) .
Now it remains to find the order of 3 in the group of integers relatively prime to 1 0 4 . By Euler's Theorem we know that 3 4 0 0 0 ≡ 1 ( m o d . 1 0 4 ) . With a little experimenting, you can find that 3 5 0 0 ≡ 1 ( m o d . 1 0 4 ) , but 3 2 5 0 ≡ 6 2 4 9 ( m o d 1 0 4 and 3 1 0 0 ≡ 2 0 0 1 ( m o d . 1 0 4 ) . Hence, the order of 3 is 500.
Therefore, it must be that x ≡ y ( m o d . 5 0 0 ) . □
Now back to the problem. By the Lemma, we must have a ≡ b ≡ c ( m o d . 5 0 0 ) . Since a > b > c , this means there exist positive integers p , q such that b = c + 5 0 0 p and a = c + 5 0 0 ( p + q ) .
Also, by the Triangle Inequality, we must have b + c > a . Therefore,
( c + 5 0 0 p ) + c > c + 5 0 0 ( p + q )
c > 5 0 0 q
Now since q is positive, this means c ≥ 5 0 1 . Then b ≥ 1 0 0 1 and a ≥ 1 5 0 1 .
Hence, a + b + c ≥ 3 0 0 3 .